Wills and Trusts – 2010
Property Law Act 2007 s25
Administration Act 1969 ss 2, 24-26, 34 amended, 47-51, 77-79 amended
Family Protection Act 1955 ss 2, 3, 4, 4A, 9, 11, 13
Family Proceedings Act 1980 s 26
Law Reform (Testamentary Promises) Act 1949 s 3
Property (Relationship) Act 1976 (Selected Sections)
Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act 1988 ss 54-55
Te Ture Whenua Māori (Māori Land Act) 1993 ss 2, 3, 17, 100, 101, 104s, 106-114
Trustee Act 1956 (Selected sections)
Wills Act 2007
A. TRUSTS
I. INTRODUCTION
1. A Brief History of Trusts Scott and Ascher on Trusts 5th ed (2006) 3-9
2. The Nature of a Trust – S. Gardner An Introduction to the Law of Trusts (1990) 1-9 (edited)
II. ESSENTIALS OF A TRUST
1. Requirements for an express trust: introduction
2. Intention Re Burton [1965] NZLR 712
3. Subject matter
HAJ FORD & IJ HARDINGHAM TRUSTS, COMMENTARY AND MATERIALS (1990) 297
(a) Certainty of Subject Matter
Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 61 ER 704
(b) Vesting Title in the Trustee
(c) Formalities
Property Law Act 2007, s 25
III. CHALLENGING TRUSTS
1. Introduction
Social Security Act 1964, s147A
2. Challenging the validity of trusts
(a) General
(b) Sham trusts
Official Assignee v Wilson & Clyma 8/5/08 [2007] NZCA 122
Official Assignee v Sanctuary Propvest HC Auckland, CIV-2009-404-852, 11/6/09 Asher J
3. Challenging dispositions to trusts
(a) Insolvency Act 2006
(b) Property Law Acts 1952 and 2007
Regal Castings v Lightbody [2009] 2 NZLR 433 (SC)
© Property Relationships Act
ss 47, 44 and 44C Property (Relationships Act 1976
Nations v Nation [2005] NZFLR 103 (CA)
4. Other “trust busting” devices
(a) Family Proceedings Act 1980, s 182
Ward v Ward [2009] NZSC 125
(b) Constructive trust
IV POWERS AND DUTIES OF TRUSTEES
1. Acquaintance with the Trust
2. Adherence to the Trust terms
3. Duty to adminster the Trust personally
Niak and Sommerville v MacDonald and BNZ [2001] 3 NZLR 334
4. Objects of the Trust
(a) The Beneficiary principle
Leahy v A-G for NSW [1959] AC 457
(b) Re Denley type purpose trusts
Re Denley’s Trust Deed [1969] 1 CH 373
© Certainty of Objects
McPhasil v Doulton [1971] AC 424
(c) Nature of Beneficial Interests
Note on Liability of trustees for the actions of others
5. Prudent Investment and Evenhandedness
(a) The Prudent Person Rule in action
Re Mulligan [1998] 1 NZLR 481
(b) Section 13E factors
(c) Investment Strategies and Diversification
(d) Capital and Income
(e) Recording of Decision Making Process
6. Diligence and Prudence
7. No Profit Rule
Phipps v Boardman [1967] 2 AC 46
Chirnside v Fay [2006] NZSC 68
8. Duty to account and disclose information
V REMEDIES
1. Remedies to prevent a breach of trust
2. Remedies for a breach of Trust
(a) Personal remedies against the trustee
BNZ v NZ Guardian Trust [1991] NZLR 664
(b) Proprietary remedies
1. Tracing when there is a breach of an express trust
ddS Gardner Introduction to the Law of Trusts (2002) 149-156
2. Tracing into Profits
Foskett v McKeown [2000] 3 A11 ER 97 (HL)
3. Tracing under the Administration Act
© Personal remedies against strangers to the trust
(a) Knowing assistance
(b) Knowing Receipt
BCCI (Overseas) Ltd v Akindele [2001] Ch 437 (CA)
B. DEVOLUTION OF PROPERTY ON DEATH
I. WILLS
1. Nature of a will: characteristics and definitions
Wills Act 2007, s8
2. Mental Requirements for a valid will
(a) Testamentary capacity
(i) Age
Wills Amendment Act 1969, s 2
Wills Act 2007, s9, 10
(ii) Mental infirmity
Banks v Goodfellow (1870) LR 5 QB 549, 566
Bishop v O’Dea (1999) 18 FRNZ 492
Parker v Felgate (1883) 8 P171
(iii) Statutory wills under the PPPR Act
RE Manzoni: Kirwan v Public Trustee [1995] 2 NZLR 498
(b) Voluntariness
(i) Undue Influence
Carey v Norton [1998] I NZLR 661 (CA)
(ii) Duress and fraud
(iii) Onus
(iv) Caveating a will
(c) Knowledge and approval of the will
Problem: In re Benson
(d) Wills of Māori Persons
N Smith Māori Land Law 59-60, 62
Te Ture Whenua Māori/ Māori Land Act 1993, ss 2 & 108
3. Formalities
(a) Execution and alteration of wills
Wills Act 1837 (UK), ss 9 & 21
Re Colling [1972] 3 All ER 729
Wills Act 2007, ss 7, 11 and 15
Wills Act 2007, s 14
Re Estate of Hickford (Deceased) HC Napier, CIV-2009-441-369, 13/8/09 MacKenzie J
(b) Revocation
(i) By act of testator
Wills Act 2007, s 16
Wills Act 1837 (UK), ss20
-Revival
Wills Act 2007, s 17
(ii) Revocation by operation of law
-Marriage
Wills Act 2007, ss 16 and 18
Wills Act 1837 (UK), s 18
Wills Amendment Act 1955, s 13
Public Trust v Stirling [2009] 3 NZLR 693 (HC)
-Dissolution
Wills Act 2007, s 19
Wills Amendment 1977, s 2
Family Proceedings Act, s 26(1)
(iii) Revocation under the Property (Relationships) Act 1976
Property (Relationships) Act 1976, ss 61, 75-77 & 95
4. Administration of a Deceased Estate
Death with a Will
Death without a Will
Duties of Executors and Administrators
5. Interpretation of Wills and Trusts
(a) General
Re Green [1975] 1 NZLR 475
Wills Act 2007, s 32
Glass v Anthony 9/7/08 Fogarty J, HC Christchurch, CIV 2008-4049-000455
(b) Rectification
Re Jensen [1992] 2 NZLR 506
Wills Act 2007, s 31
6. Gifts by Will
(a) Types of Gifts
(b) Debts relating to Specific gifts
Administration Act 1969, s 34
(c) Failure of Gifts
(i) Refusing the gift
(ii) Witnessing the will
Wills Act 2007, s 13
Wills Act 1837 (UK), s 15
Wills Amendment Act 1977, s 3
(iii) Forfeiture rule
(iv) Insufficiency of Property
(v) Ademption
Wills Act 2007, s 20
Re Dorman [1994] 1 WLR 282
(v) The Rule against Perpetuities
Perpetuities Act 1964, s 7, 13, 9, 8 and 6
Andrews v Partington (1791) 29 ER 610 at 611
Perpetuities Act 1964, s 10
(vi) Lapse
Wills Act 2007, s 23
(d) Effect of a Failure of a Gift
Wills Act 2007, ss 29 and 28
7. Solicitor’s liability in negligence in executing wills
II INTESTACY
(a) Generally
Administration Act 1969, as amended, ss 77, 77B, 77C & 78
(b) Intestacy in relation to Māori land
Te Ture Whenua Māori/ Māori Land Act 1993, ss 109, 109A & 110
Problem: In re Brenda
Administration Act 1969, s 2
Diagram
III CLAIMS AGAINST DECEASED ESTATE
1. Mutual Wills
Lewis v Cotton (2000) 20 FRNZ 86 (CA)
Wills Act 2007, s 30
2. Property (Relationships) Act 1976
Property (Relationships) Act 1976, ss 2d, 61, 68-78, 11, 81-83, 13, 85
Diagram
EM v SL [2005] NZFLR 281
Claims by the estate under the Property (Relationships) Act
Property (Relationships) Act 1976, ss 88 and 25
Public Trust v Whyman [2005] 2 NZLR 696
3. Testamentary Promises Act
Law Reform (Testamentary Promises) Act 1949, s 3
Byrne v Bishop (2001) 20 FRNZ 609 (CA)
4. Family Protection Act
Williams v Aucutt [2000] NZFLR 532 (CA)
Auckland City Mission v Brown [2002] 2 NZLR 650
Henry v Henry [2007] NZFLR 640 (CA)
Family Protection Act, as amended, ss 2, 3, 4 and 4Ad
Note on Tracing property in respect of a family protection claim
LAWS 448 – LAW AND PSYCHIATRY
1. Introduction
J Dawson, ‘Mental Health Law’
2. Defining Mental Disorder I
T Burns, ‘What is psychiatry?’, from Psychiatry: A Very Short Introduction, OUP, Oxford, 2006
S McCarthy and S Simpson, ‘The Statutory Definition of Mental Disorder’, from Running a Case under the Mental Health Act 12992, NZ Law Society (1996)
Diagnostic criteria for ‘Schizophrenia’ and ‘Manic Episode’, from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision, 2000) (DSM-IV-TR), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
N Dunlop, ‘Compulsory psychiatric treatment and “mental disorder”’ [2006] NZ Law Journal 225
In the Matter of KMD, MHRT No 04/139, 27/4/05
3. Defining Mental Disorder II
Diagnostic criteria for ‘Personality disorder’ (in general), ‘Antisocial Personality Disorder’ and ‘Borderline personality disorder’ from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision, 2000) (DSM-IV-TR), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
In the Matter of RCH, NRT No 772, 20/4/2000
Waitemata Health v A-G [2001] NZFLR 1122, extracts
In the Matter of RCH, MHRT No 12/039, 25/5/2012
4. Assessing risk or dangerousness
P Mullen, ‘Assessing risk of interpersonal violence in the mentally ill’, (1997) 3
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 166
A Simpson et al. ‘Homicide and mental illness in New Zealand’, (2004) 185 Brit J Psychiatry 394
E Walsh et al, ‘Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence’, (2002) 180 Brit J Psychiatry 490
S Glazebrook, ‘Risky business: predicting recidivism’, (2010) 17 Psychiatry, Psychology and the Law 88-103
In the Matter of MMG, NRT 568/98
In the Matterof CSB, MHRT NO 07/096, 26/10/07
5. Detention of the person
R v Bournewood Community and Mental Health Trust, ex parte L [1998] 3 WLR 107 (HL)
6. Community Treatment Orders
J Dawson, extracts from Community Treatment Orders: International Comparisons, Otago University Print, Dunedin, 2005
A Gibbs et al, ‘How patients in New Zealand view community treatment orders’, (2005) 14 Journal of Mental Health 357
R O’Reilly et al, ‘Best practices in the use of involuntary outpatient treatment’ (2012) 63 Psychiatric Services 421-423
Re PT [2001] NZFLR 79
Re TJF, NZMHRT 07/037, 27/4/07
7. Treatment Without Consent
A Buchanan and D Brock, ‘The concept of competence’, in Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making, Cambridge U P, New York, 1989
J Dawson, ‘Incompetency’, unpub.
In Re C (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1994] 1 WLR 290
Re MJO SRT 20/98, 2/4/98
JE v Capital and Coast Distric Health Board HC Wellington, CIV 2009-485-1106, 19/6/09, Millar J
8. Mentally Disorderejd Offenders I
D Chaplow, ‘Services for mentally abnormal offenders: some important issues’, from Brookbanks and Simpsons eds, Psychiatry and the Law, LexisNexis, Wellington, 2007
Garrow and Turkington’s Criminal Law: Appendix XV, ‘Mentally disordered persons’
Polic v Wihongi HC Auckland. T 990080. 10/5/1999, Fisher J
R v Rangi HC Rotorua, CRI 2005-019-3496, 9/3/06, Heath J
R v Tiriamai HC Auckland, CRI 2006-004-001266, 2/5/06, Asher J
9. Mentally Disordered Offenders II
J Dawson, ‘Capacity to stand trial: old and new in New Zealand’, (2008) 15 Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 251
R v Pritchard (1836) 7 Car & P 304
R v Police [2007] 2 NZLR 528
R v De’wes HC Gisborne, CRI 2006-016-3323, 5/11/08, Keane J
R v Te Moni [2009] NZCA 560
10. Confidentiality and Privacy
J Dawson, ‘Health information law: general principles’, from Skegg and Paterson eds, Medical Law in New Zealand, Brookers, Wellington, 2006
J Dawson, ‘Health information law’, unpub. 2009
J Dawson, ‘Production of therapeutic records to the defence: emerging principles’, (1998) 5 Psychiatry, Psycholog and law 63
R v S (1995) 13 CRNZ 637
R v X (CA553/2009) [2010] 2 NZXLR 181
11. Medical privilege and mandatory court reports
R v Marshall, HC, New Plymouth, Rodney Hansen j. T5/01, 19/11/01 (ruling 4)
R v D [2003] NZCA 258/01, [2003] 1 NZLR 41
R v King [2005] NZCA 162/05, 18/7/05
12. Warning Potential Victims
J Dawson, ‘Common law principles concerning confidentiality, privacy and disclosure’, from Skegg and Paterson eds, Medical Law in New Zealand, Brookers, Wellington, 2006
R v Matthews, unreported, CA 370/03/ 8/3/04, Chambers J
Couch v A-G [2008] 3 NZLR 725
13. Protection of Personal and Property Regulations
J Dawson, ‘The personal welfare provisions of the PPPR Act 1988’, from Who Benefits from Welfare Guardianship?’ (2000), Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin
J Dawson, ‘The Role of lawyers in proceedings under the PPPR Act’, (1995) Butt FLJ 242
G Rossiter, ‘Capacity issues under the PPPRA’, [2005] NZLJ 204
Re CMC [1995] NZFLR 538
Re EW (PPPR) (1993) 11 FRNZ 118
Re G [2000] NZFLR 139
Legislation
Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) Act 2003 ss 1-44
Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003 ss1-9 and 60-63
Judicature Act 1908 ss 16, 17
Evidence Act 2006 ss 52, 59, 69
Children, Young Persons, and their Families Act 1989, s 77
Health Act 1956 ss 22B, 22C, 22D, 22F, 22G, 22H, 22I, 22J
Health Information Privacy Code 1994, index, cl 4, Rule 6 and commentary, Rule 11 and commentary
Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers’ Rights 1996
LAW OF CONTRACT 2009
Remedies
REMEDIES: INTRODUCTION
Shavell, Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law (2004) p 296-299
Smith, Atiyah’s Introduction to the Law of Contract (2005) p 371-373
REMEDIES AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT
Consumer Guarantees Act synopsis
Contractual Remedies Act 1979, s4
Fair Trading Act 1986, s9
Toll (FGCT) v Alphapharm (2004) 219 CLR 165
Nalder & Biddle (Nelson) Ltd v C & F Fishing Ltd [2007] 1 NZLR 721
A-G v Seven Electrical (2004) 8 NZBLC 99-577
Dairy Containers Ltd v Tasman Orient Line CV [2005] 1 NZLR 443
SGS (NZ) Ltd v Quirke Export Ltd [1988] 1 NZLR 52
DHL International (NZ) Ltd v Richmond Ltd [1993] 3 NZLR 10
A-G v Seven Electrical (supra)
Applebey, Contract Law (2001) p458-461
Amatal Corp. Ltd v Maruha (nZ) Corp [2004] 2 NZLR 614
CANCELLATION
Contractual Remedies Act 1979
Oxborough v North Harbour Builders Ltd & Anor [2002] 1 NZLR 145
MacIndoe v Mainzeal [1991] 3 NZLR 273
Jolly v Palmer [1985] 1 NZLR 658
Garratt v Ikeda [2002] 1 NZLR 577
Thompson v Vincent [2001] 3 NZLR 355
Newmans Tours Ltd v Ranier Investments Ltd [1993] 2 NZLR 68
DAMAGES
Fuller & Perdue The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages (Pt 1) (excerpt)
Ruxley Electronics & Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1995] 3 WLR 118
La Grouw v Cairns unreported, HC Auckland, Civ 2002-404-156, 16 Feb 2004, O’Regan J
Ti Leaf Productions v Baikie (2001) 7 NZBLC 103,464
A-G v Blake [2001] 1 AC 268
J & B Caldwell v Logan House Retirement Home Ltd [1999] 2 NZLR 99
Bloxham v Robinson (1996) 7 TCLR 122
Paper Reclaim Ltd v Aotearoa Int Ltd [2007] 3 NZLR 169 (SC)
McElroy Milne v Commercial Electronics Ltd [1993] 1 NZLR 39
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Ex 341; 156 ER (Ex)
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 997
Benton v Miller & Poulgrain (a firm) [2005] 1 NZLR 66
Walop No 3 v Para Franchising unreported, CA20/03, 23 Feb 2004, Anderson P
Sullivan v Darkin [1986] 1 NZLR 214
EQUITABLE REMEDIES
Butler v Countrywide Finance [1993] 3 NZLR 623
Patel v Ali [1984] 2 WLR 960
Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores(Holdings) Ltd [1998] AC 1
A-G for England & Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91
Warren v Mendy [1989] 3 All ER 103
Charrington v Simons [1970] 1 WLR 725
LAW OF CONTRACT
PART 1
INTRODUCTION
Brownsword, Contract Law Themes for the Twenty-First Century, 2nd ed (2006) ch 3
Feinman and Gabel, “Contract Law as Ideology” in Kairys (ed), The Politics of Law (1990) ch 18
Smillie, “Security of Contract and the Purpose of Contract Law” (2000) 6 NZBLQ 104
FORMATION OF A CONTRACT
1. Agreement: Offer and Acceptance
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256
Boulder Consolidated Ltd v Tangaere [1980] 1 NZLR 560
Leach Nominees Pty Ltd v Walter Wright Pty Ltd [1986] WAR 244
Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex- Cell- O Corp [1979] 1 WLR 40
Nunin Holdings Pty Ltd v Tullamarine Estates Pty Ltd [1994] 1 VR 74
Electronic Transaction Act 2002
Transit New Zealand v Pratt Contractors Ltd [2002] 2 NZLR 313
Pratt Contractors Ltd v Transit New Zealand [2005] 2 NZLR 433 (PC)
Allbrite Industries Ltd v P & C Gill Contractors Ltd, unrep, Court of Appeal, 11 Dec 2002, Blanchard J
Ormwave Pty Ltd v Smith p2007] NSWCA 210
“Overview of Contract Formation”, Chen-Wishart, Contract Law, 2nd ed (2008) p 68
2. Certainty
Nelson v Cooks McWilliams Wines Ltd [1986] 2 NZLR 215
Biotechnology Aust Pty Ltd v Pace (1988) 15 NSWLR 130
Fletcher Challenge Ltd v ECNZ [2002] 2 NZLR 433
Wellington City Council v Body Corporate 51702 (Wellington) [2002] 3 NZLR 486
Verissimo v Walker [2006] 1 NZLR 760
3. Consideration
Williams v Roffey Bros Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1
Re Selectmove Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 474
Rothmans of Pall Mall (NZ) Ltd v AG [1991] 2 NZLR 323
Antons Trawling Co Ltd v Smith [2003] 2 NZLR 23
A-G for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 (CA)
A-G for England and Wales v R [2004] 2 NZLR 577 (PC)
Barton v Air New Zealand, unrep, HC Wellington, 6 Oct 2004, Ellen France J
“What counts as valuable consideration?” Chen-Wishart, Contract Law, 2nd ed (2008) p 132
4. Equitable Estoppel
“Promissory Estoppel” Chen-Wishart, Contract Law, 2nd ed (2008) pp 169-176p and 182-186
Burbery Mortgage Finance & Savings Ltd v Hindsbank Holdings Ltd [1989] 1 NZLR 356
Welch v Fraser unrep, HC Hamilton, 9 Sept 2003, Ronald Young J
Juzwa v Hill unrep, HC Auckland, 20 Sept 2005, Courtney J
Juzwa v Hill [2007] NZCA 222 (CA)
5. Intention to Create Legal Relations
Fleming v Beevers [1994] 1 NZLR 385
“Legal Wrangle over $1.3m Lotto win”, Sunday Star Times, 6 December 1998
THIRD PARTIES
1. Privity
Contracts (Privity) Act 1982
Rattrays Wholesale Ltd v Meredyth-Young & A’Court Ltd [1997] 2 NZLR 363
2. Agency
See Ormwave Pty Ltd (supra) and Re Selectmove (supra)
CONTRACT INTERPRETATION
1. General Principles
Yoshimoto v Canterbury Golf International [2001] 1 NZLR 523 (CA)
Yoshimoto v Canterbury Golf International [2004] ! NZLR 1 (PC)
Styx Mill Holdings v Sabinas Ltd unrep, HC Christchurch, Civ-2005-409-001224, 20 Sept 2006, Chisholm J
2. Implied terms
Dovey v BNZ [2000] 3 NZLR 641
MISTAKE
Sutton, Richard, “The Code of Contractual Mistake: What Went Wrong?” (2003) 6 NZBLQ 234, 238 – 240
Collins, Hugh The Law of Contract London: LexisNexis UK, 2003. Pages 123 – 127
Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2003] QB 679 (UK CA)
Contractual Mistakes Act 1977
Rectification
Joscelyne v Nissen and anor [1970] 2 QB 86 (UK CA)
Non Est Factum
Saunders v Anglia Building Society (No 2) (aka Gallie v Lee) [1971] AC 1004 (UK HL)
Bradley West Solicitors Nominee Co Ltd v Keeman [1994] 2 NZLR 111 (NZ High Court
Mistake and the Contractual Mistakes Act
Tri-Star Customs and Forwarding Ltd v Denning [1999] 1 NZLR 33
Bartley v Beale (1997) 3 ConvC 192, 601 (NZ HC)
Phillips v Phillips [1993] 3 NZLR 159 (NZ CA)
Conlon v Ozolins [1984] 1 NZLR 489 (NZ CA)
Shivas v BNZ [1990] 2 NZLR 327
Shotter v Westpac Bank [1988] 2 NZLR 316
Paulger v Butland Industries Ltd [1989] 3 NZLR 549 (NZ CA)
Mechenex Pacific Servies Ltd v TCA Airconditioning (New Zealand) Ltd [1991] 2 NZLR 393 (NZ CA)
Burrows, Update on Contract, NZLS Seminar series, October-November 1999, 15-16
Misrepresentation
Bigwood, Rick Exploitative Contracts (OUP, 2003) Pages 31 – 36, 47 -49
In Contract Law
Contractual Remedies Act 1979
Spencer Bower, Turner and Handley, Actionable Misrepresentation (4th edition) Butterworths: London, 2000. Paragraphs 10, 11, 19 -22, 67, 70, 75
Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 ChD 1 (UK CA)
New Zealand Motor Bodies Ltd v Emslie [1985] 2 NZLR 569 (NZ High Court)
Buxton v The Birches Time Share Resort Ltd [1991] 2 NZLR 641
Spencer Bower, Turner and Handley Actionable Misrepresentation (4th edition) Butterworths: London, 2000. Paragraphs 46 & 47
Mitchell v Valherie (2005) 93 SASR 76
Spencer Bower, Turner and Handley Actionable Misrepresentation (4th edition) Butterworths: London, 2000. Paragraphs 85 – 87, 90
Walters v Morgan (1861) 3 De F G and J 718
Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky (1992) 39 FCR 31
March Construction Ltd v Christchurch City Council (1995) 6 TCLR 394
Thompson v Vincent [2001] 3 NZLR 355 (NZ CA)
King v Wilkinson [1994] 2 NZ ConvC 191, 828 (NZ High Court)
Ware v Johnson [1984] 2 NZLR 518 (NZ High Court)
Attwood v Small (1838) 6 Cl & Fin 232
Smith v Chadwick (1884) 9 App Cas 187
Savill v NZI Finance Ltd [1990] 3 NZLR 135 (NZ CA)
New Zeland Motor Bodies Ltd v Emslie [1985] 2 NZLR 569 (NZ High Court)
Wakelin v R H & E A Jackson Ltd (1984) 2 NZCPR 195 (NZ High Court)
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] QB 801 (UK CA)
New Zealand Motor Bodies Ltd v Emslie [1985] 2 NZLR 569 (NZ High Court)
Under the Fair Trading Act
Fair Trading Act 1986
Bonz Group Pty Ltd v Cooke (1996) 7 TCLR 206
AMP v Heaven (1997) 8 TCLR 144 (NZ CA)
Premium Real Estate v Stevens [2009] 1 NZLR 148, 152 (CA)
Des Forges v Wright [1996] 2 NZLR 758 (NZ High Court)
Smythe v Bayleys Real Estate Ltdf (1993) 5 TCLR 454
Cox & Coxon Ltd v Leipst [1999] 2 NZLR 15 (NZ CA)
Incapacity and Related Doctrines
(1) Minors
Minors’ Contracts Act 1969
(2) Mentally Disordered and Drunk Persons
O’Connor v Hart [1985] 1 NZLR 159 (PC)
Peeters and Another v Schimanski [1975] 2 NZLR 328 (NZ Supreme Court)
(3) Duress
Mutual Finance Ltd v John Wetton & Sons Ltd [1937] 2 KB 389 (uk KBD)
Barton v Armstrong [1976] AC 104, 118-119
Occidental Worldwide Investment Corp. v Skibs A/S Avanti ( The “Siboen” and the “Sibotre”) [1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 293
Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 (PC)
B & S Contracts And Design Ltd. V Victor Green Publications Ltd [1984] ICR 419 (UK CA)
Universe Tankships Inc v ITTW Federation ( The Universal Sentinel) [1983] 1 AC 367
CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v Gallaher Ltd [1994] 4 All ER714 (UK CA)
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 (NZ CA)
Pharmacy Care Systems Ltd v A.-G. (Unrep, CA 198/03, 16 August 2004)
(4) Undue Influence
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 (NZ CA)
Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 (UK CA)
Contractors Bonding Ltd v Snee [1992] 2 NZLR 157 (NZ CA)
ASB Bank Ltd v Harlick [1996] 1 NZLR 655 (NZ CA)
Barclays Banks PLC v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180 (UK HL)
Wilkinson v ASB Bank Ltd [1998] 1 NZLR 674 (NZ CA Full Court)
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 (NZ CA)
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (no 2) [2001] 4 All ER 449 (UK HL)
Notice of Undue Influence to Third Parties?
Contractors Bonding Ltd v Snee [1992] 2 NZLR 157 (NZ CA)
Barclays Bank PLC v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180 (UK HL)
Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER 449
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 (NZ CA)
Lee v Damesh Holdings Ltd [2003] 2 NZLR 422 (High Court)
Hogan v Commercial Factors Limited (unreported CA 225/03)
(5) Unconscionable Contracts
Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 (HCA)
Nichols v Jessup [1986] 1 NZLR 226 (NZ CA)
Bowkett v Action Finance Ltd [1992] 1 NZLR 449 (NZ HC)
Attorney-General for England and Wales v R [2002] 2 NZLR 91 (NZ CA)
Frustration
Denny, Mott and Dickson Ltd v James B Fraser and Co Ltd [1944] AC 265 (UK HL)
Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 696 (UK HL)
Tsakiroglou & Co, Ltd. V Noblee & Thorl G.M.B.H. [1962] AC 93 (PC)
Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority Of New South Wales [1982] 149 CLR 337 (HCA)
Staffs Health Authority v Staffs Waterworks [1978] 1 WLR 1387 (UK CA)
The Power Co Ltd v Gore District Council [1997] 1 NZLR 537 (NZ CA)
Ocean Trump Tankers Corp v V/O Sovfracht (The Eugenia) [1964] 2 QB 226 (UK CA)
Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker & Sons Ltd [1977] 1 WLR 164 (UK CA)
J Lauritzen AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two) [1990] 1 Lloyds Rep 1 (UK CA)
Treitel, Sir Guenter. The Law of Contract. 11th edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2003. Pages 907-908.
Restitution of “benefits”
Frustrated Contracts Act 1944
BP Exploration Co. (Libya) Ltd. V Hunt (No.2) [1982] 1 All ER 929
BP ExplorationLtd v Hunt [1981] 1 WLR 232 (UK CA)
Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning (Agency) Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 1226
BP Exploration Co. (Libya) Ltd. V Hunt (No. 2) [1983] 2 AC 352 (UK HL)
The Legal Analysis: Bp Exploration Co. (Libya) Ltd. V Hunt (No.2) [1982] 1 All ER 929 (UK High Court
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT LAW
I. PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL UNDERPINNINGS
SUSTAINABILITY
Diamond, J. Collapse. Penguin Books, 2005, pp. 1-8
Hardin, G. “The Tragedy of the Commons”, Science. December 13th 1968.
World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, 1987. P. 43
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992
PUBLIC V PRIVATE INTERESTS
William Aldred’s Case (1609) 77 Eng. Rep. Co. Rep. 818
Blackstone Commentaries on the Laws of England 1765 Vol.1. p 138
Belfast Corporation v O D Cars Ltd [1960] AC 490, 523-524
Town-planning Act 1926, ss 29-31
Ideal Laundry Ltd v Petone BC [1957] NZLR 1038, 1052
Clifford v Ashburton [1969] NZLR 446, 448
Resource Management Act 1991, ss 9, 85
Gray, k. “The Ambivalence of Property” in Kirkby, J., O’Keefe, P and Timberlake, L. (eds) The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Development, Earthscan, 1995, pp. 223.226
II. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RMA 1991
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Palmer, G. “The Making of the Resource Management Act” in Environment – The International Challenge. VUP, 1995, pp. 145-174
Hon Simon Upton 1991 NZPD 3018-3021
OVERVIEW
Birdsong, B. Adjudicating Sustainability, Ian Axford Fellowship in Public Policy, 1998, Wellington
PERCEPTIONS
Batchelor v Tauranga DC (No 2) [1993] 2 NZLR 84, 86 (extract)
Machinery Movers v Auckland RC [1994] 1 NZLR 492, 499 (extract)
Countdown Properties v Dunedin CC [1994] NZRMA 145, 149 (extract)
Auckland RC v North Shore CC [1995] 3 NZLR 18, 20 (extract)
Parkinson, G. “Planner in the Works” The Bulletin October 18th 2005, 59 (extract)
SIGNIFICANCE
FALKNER V GISBORNE DC [1995] NZRMA 462
III. RMA: PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES
Resource Mangement Act, Part 2, ss 5-8
Reith v Ashburton DC [1994] NZRMA 241 (extracts)
PURPOSE – s 5
Fisher, D. “Clarity in a Little While” Terra Nova, Vol. 11, November 1991
NZ Rail Ltd v Marlborough DC [1994] NZRMA 70
Trio Holdings Ltd v Marlborough DC [1997] NZRMA 97 (extracts)
North Shore CC v Auckland RC (Okura) [1997] NZRMA 59 (PT) (extracts)
Skelton, P and Memon, A. “Adopting Sustainability as an Overarching Environmental Policy”, March 2002, REMJ, 1-9
Cook Islands Community Centre v Hastings DC [1994] NZRMA 375
Canterbury RC v Selwyn DC [1997] NZRMA 25 (extracts)
Te Aroha Air Quality Protection Appeal Group v Waikato RC (No 2) (1993) 2 NZRMA 574 (extracts)
MATTERS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE – s 6
Environmental Defence Society Inc v Mangonui CC [1989] 3 NZLR 257, 258 – 263, per Cooke P
Ministry of Conservation v Kapiti Coast DC [1994] NZRMA 385 (extracts)
Wakatipu Environmental Society v QLDC [2000] NZRMA 59 (extracts)
Warnock, C. “Outstanding Landscape Protection Soc. Inc. v Hastings CD” June 2007, RM, pp 41-42
Shell NZ Ltd v Auckland CC [1995][ NZRMA 490 (HC) (extracts)
Genesis Power Ltd v Franklin DC [2005] NZRMA 541 (extracts)
Meridian Energy Ltd v Wellington CC (EC) 14 May 2007, W31/2007, paras447-460
Wellington International Airport Ltd v Air NZ [1993] 1 NZLR 671, 671-676
Carter Holt Harvey Ltd v Te Runanaga O Tuwharetoa Ki Kawerau [2003] 2 NZLR 349
Greenpeace NZ Inc v Genesis Power Ltd SC 94/2007 [2008] NZSC 112
IV. RMA : DUTIES AND RESTRICTIONS
The Kaimanawa Wild Horse Preservation Society Inc v Attorney-General [1997] NZRMA 356
Powelliphanta Augustus Inv v Solid Energy NZ Ltd (2007) 13 ELRNZ 200, paras 53-62
Donkin v Sunnybrae Normal School [1997] NZRMA 342
Hume v Auckland RC [2002] NZRMA 422
McKnight v jNZ Biogas Industries Ltd [1994] 2 NZLR 664
Sayers v Western Basy of Plenty DC (1992) 2 NZRMA 143 (extracts)
V. RMA : COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT
Australian Mutual Provident Soc v Gum Sarn Property Ltd (1992) 2 NZRMA 119 (headnote)
Hartford Group Ltd v Auckland CC (2000) 6 ELRNZ 342 (headnote)
Walden v Auckland CC (1992) NZRMA 481
Crossen, T. “Should Snails have Standing” April 2007, RMJ. pp 12-17
McGuire v Hastings DC [2002] 2 NZLR 577, 593 – 596 per cooke P
Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society Inc v W A Habgood Ltd (1987) 12 NZTPA 76 (extracts)
Te Runanga O Taumarere v Northland RC [1996] NZRMA77 (extracts)
Friends and Community of Ngawha In. v Minister of Corrections [2002] NZRMA 401 (HC)
Friends and Community of Ngawha In. v Minister of Corrections (2002) 9 ELRNZ 67 (CA), 62-72 per Blanchard J
Winstone Aggregates v Franklin DC A80/02, 62-68
Bleakley v ERMA [2001] 3 NZLR 213, 233-234, per McGechan J
Resource Management Amendment Act (No 2) 2004
Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004
Arrigato Investments Ltd v Rodney DC [2000] NZRMA 241 (EC)
OTHER MATTERS – s 7 and TREAT OF WAITANGI – s 8
Report and Recommendations of the Board of Inquiry into the NZ Coastal Policy Statement (DOC February 1994) pp 17-18
Haddon v Auckland RC [1994] NZRMA 49 (headnote)
Minhinnick v Watercare Services Ltd [1997] NZRMA 553 (HC) (extracts)
Zdrahal v Wellington CC [1995] NZRMA 289
Fugle and Hitchman v Cowie (1997) 3 ELRNZ 261 (headnote)
Sentencing Act 2002 s 7
R v Conway [2005] NZRMA 274 (headnote)
VI. RMA : GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS, DUTIES AND POWERS
Department of Internal Affairs, Local Government Reform (1989)
Reorganised Local Government Jurisdictions
Auckland RC v North Shore CC [1995] NZRMA 424 (CA)
Application by Canterbury RC [1995] NZRMA 452 (CA)
Auckland RC v Auckland CC (1997) 3 ELRNZ 54 (extracts)
Auckland CC v Long (1997) 3 ELRNZ 395 (extracts)
Noel Leeming Appliances Ltd v North Shore CC (1992) 2 NZRMA 113 (extracts)
Otago Regional Council v Dunedin CC [2010] NZRMA 263 (extracts)
VII. RMA : PLANNING
Hierarchy of Planning instruments and processes established under the Resource Management Act 1994
Batchelor v Tauranga DC (1992) 2 NZRMA 137
Auckland RC v North Shore CC [1995] NZRMA 424 (CA) (supra)
Application by Canterbury RC [1995] NZRMA 452 (CA) (supra)
Application by Christchurch CC [1995] NZRMA 129
Coromandel Watchdog of Hauraki Inc v Ministry of Economic Development [2007] NZCA 473
Mawhinney v Waitakere CC [2007] NZRMA 173 (extracts)
Leith v Auckland CC [1995] NZRMA 400 (extracts)
Steven v Christchurch CC [1998] NZRMA 289
Brookers Flowchart : Process for preparing or changing plans and policy statements
Countdown Properties (Northlands) Ltd v Dunedin CC [1994] NZRMA 145
Daniell, L, “Proposed NPS on Indigenous Biodiversity”, RMB Vol 9 Issue 3 (May 2011), 28-31
Daya – Winterbottom, “Urban Spacemen” RMB Vol 9 Issue 7 (Nov 2011), 79-84
IX. RMA : RESOURCE CONSENTS
Discount Brands Ltd v Westfield NZ Ltd [2005] 2 NZLR 597
Northcote Mainstreet Inc v Northshore CC [2006] NZRMA 137 (extracts)
Stuart Allen Investments Ltd v Tasman DC [2010] NZRMA 446 (headnote)
Bayley v Manukau CC [1998] NZRMA 513
Smith Chilcott Ltd v Auckland CC [2001] 3 NZLR 499
Arrigato Investments Ltd v Auckland RC [2001] NZRMA 481
Arrigato Investments Ltdv Rodney DC (EC) [2000] NZRMA 241
Auckland RC v Arrigato Investments Ltd (HC) [2001] NZRMA 158
Tairua Marine Ltd v Waikato Rc, HC AK, CIV 2005-485-1490, 29 June 2006, Asher J
Auckland RC v Dye (HC) [2001] NZRMA 49
Dye v Auckland RC [2001] NZRMA 513
Wilson v Selwyn DC [2005] NZRMA 76
Queenstown Lakes DC v Hawthorn Estate Ltd [2006] NZRMA 424
Gardner – Hopkins, J. “the Existing Environment and the Permitted Baseline” RMJ (August 2006) pp 21-24
Rive, V, “Second Wind: Project Hayes in the High Court”, RMB Vol 8 Issue 13 (Sept 2010) , 153-158
Montessori Pre-School Charitable Turst v Waikato DC [2007] NZRMA 55
Whangamata Marina Society Inc v AG [2007] 1 NZLR 252 (headnote)
Newbury DC v Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC j578 (extract)
Waitakere CC v Estate Homes Ltd [2006] NZSC 112
EXISTING USES
Springs Promotions Ltd v Springs Stadium Residents Association Inc [2006] NZRMA 101
Rodney DC v Eyres Eco-Park Ltd [2007] NZRMA 1 (headnote)
X. RMA : PUBLIC WORKS, DESIGNATIONS, HERITAGE ORDERS
Public Works Act Part 2 ss15A-31
Waitakere CC v Brunel [2007] NZRMA 235
Donkin v Board of Trustees of the Sunnybrae School [1997] NZRMA 342 (supra)
Waitakere CC v Minister of Defence [2006] 253
Queenstown Airport Corp Ltd v Skipworth [2001] 2 NZLR 621
TORTS 2010
I. INTENTIONAL TORTS, DEFAMATION AND PRIVACY
Wilson v New Brighton Panelbeaters Ltd [1989] 1 NZLR 74
OBG Ltd v Allan [2007] UKHL 21; [2008] 1 AC j18
Revenue and Customs Commissioners v Total Network SL [2008] UKHL 19; [2008] 1 AC 1222
Defamation Act 1992
Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto (1995) 126 DLR (4th) 129
Berkoff v Burchill [1996] 4 All ER 1008
Charleston v News Group Newspapers [1995] 2 AC 65 (HL)
New Zealand Magazines Ltd. V Hadlee (No 2) [2005] NZAR 621 (CA)
Templeton v Jones [1984] 1 NZLR 448 (CA)
Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand v Crush [1988] 2 NZLR 235 (CA)
Manning v TV3 Network Services Ltd [2003] NZAR 328
Television New Zealand Ltd v Haines [2006] 2 NZLR 433 (CA)
Awa v Independent News Auckland Ltd [1995] 3 NZLR 701
Lange v Atkinson [1998] 3 NZLR 424 (CA)
Lange v Atkinson [2000] 1 NZLR 257 (PC)
Lange v Atkinson [2000] 3 NZLR 385 (CA)
Vickery v McLean [2006] NZAR 481 (CA)
Hosking v Runting [2005] 1 NZLR 1 (CA)
II. ACCIDENT COMPENSATION
The Woodhouse report 1967 Part 1 Summary and Objectives
Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001 Excerpts
Flow Chart : Cover under the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001
Wallbutton v ACCf [1983] NZACR 629
Harrild v Director of Proceedings [2003] 3 NZLR 289
ACC v D [2008] NZCA 576
Lovelace v ACC [2001] NZAR 129
Queenstown Lakes District Council v Palmer [1999] 1 NZLR 549
Donselaar v Donselaar [1982] 1 NZLR 97
Bottrill v A [2003] 2 NZLR 721
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW – LAWS 467
I. HISTORY AND THEORY : FIVE CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES
A. Recognition of Individuals in a State-Centred Legal System
Louis Henkin, “State Values and Other Values: Human Rights” in International Law: Politics and Values (The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995) pp. 168-74
W. Michael Reisman, “Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law”, 84 AJIL (1990) 866
B. Beyond Morality: the recognition of human “rights”
Richard Wasserstrom, “Rights, Human Rights and Racial Discrimination” in Lyons (ed.), Rights (Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, 1979). Pp 58=50
Alastair MacIntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 1981), pp 69-70
Jerome Shestack, “The Jurisprudence of Human Rights” in T. Meron (ed.) Human Rights in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985) pp. 75-98
C. Differing conceptions of human rights
Maurice Cranston, “Human Rights, Real and Supposed”, in Raphael (ed.), Political Theory and the Rights of Man (Bloomington, 1967) p.43
Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question” in Tucker (ed.), The Marx-Engles Reader (1972) p.24
Henry Shue, Basic Rights : Subsistence, Affluence and the U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980) p.35
Hilary Charlesworth, Christine Chinkin and Shelley Wright, “Feminist Approaches to International Law” (1991) 85 AJIL 613 at 627-629
D. The challenge to state sovereignty
Sir Harry Gibbs, “The Erosion of National Sovereignty,” (2001) 49 National Observer at nationalobserver.net/2001_winter_105.htm
E. Cultural Relativism
Information Office of the State Council, Beijing, Human Rights in China (1991) in Henry Steiner & Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp.233-34
Statement by the Representative of Iran to the Third Committee of the U.N. General Assembly, 1984
Yash Ghai, “Human Rights and Governance: The Asia Debate”, 15 Austral. Y. Bk. Int’l L. 1 (1994)
Alison Renteln, International Human Rights: Universalism versus Relativism (Newbury Park, Ca.: Sage Publications, 1990), pp.51-60
Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder, Westview Press, 1993), pp. 35-38
II. THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM
A. History and Legal Status
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Chart of the United Nations System
Tom Farer, “The United Nations and Human Rights: More than a Whimper, Less than a Roar”, in Roberts and Kingsbury (eds.), United Nations, Divided Word: The UN’s Role in International Reforms (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 99-104
Statute of the International Court of Justice. Art. 38
Bruno Simma and Philip Alston, “The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens and General Principles”, 12 Austral. Y. Bk. Int’l L. (1992), p.82
B. The Human Rights Council
Philip Alston, “The Commission on Human Rights” in Alston (ed.), The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) 126 at pp. 139-81
General Assembly resolution 60/251, 3 April 2006
Manual of Operations of the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council, August 2008 (excerpts)
Summary Prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with paragraph 15(C) of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1: New Zealand, A/HRC/WG.6/5/NZL/3, 23 February 2009
Compilation Prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with paragraph 15(B) of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1: New Zealand, A/HRC/WG.6/5NZL/2, 11 March 2009
National Report submitted in accordance with paragraph 15(a) of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1: New Zealand, A/HRC/WG.6/5/NZL/1, 9 April 2009
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: New Zealand, Human Rights Council, A/HRC/12/8, 4 June 2009
C. The Treaties and Treaty Bodies
1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The Derogation of rights, (Article 4), General Comment 5, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1981
Consolidated Guidelines for State Reports under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 40 of the Covenant : New Zealand, CCPR/C/NZL/CO/5, 7 April 2010
Statistical Survey of Individual Complaints dealt with by the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Views of Human Rights Committee, New Zealand Veterans v New Zealand, Communication No 601/1994
Rameka v New Zealand, Communication No 1090/2002, 6 November 2003
Dean v New Zealand, Communication No 1512/2006, 17 March 2009
Mahuika v New Zealand, Communication No 57/1993: original communication
Mahuika v New Zealand, Communication No 547/1993, 15 November 2000
2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Matthew Craven, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 22-29
Amartya Sen, “Freedoms and needs: an argument for the primacy of political rights” in The New Republic, Jan 10 1994
The nature of States parties obligations (Art. 2, par. 1), General Comment 3, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1990
The Domestic Application of the Covenant, General Comment 9
JD and others v Canada. CCPR Communication No 118/1982, 18 July 1986
Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Summary Record of Consideration of New Zealand’s second periodic report (20 May 2003)
Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Concluding Observations on New Zealand’s second periodic report (23 May 2003)
3. Other Treaties
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951
Refugee Status Appeals Authority (NZ) No. 74665/03, 7 July 2004
Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984
N.P v Australia, Committee against Torture, Communication No 106/1998
Elmi v Australia, Committee against Torture, Communication No 120/1998
Third Periodic New Zealand Report to the Committee Against Torture (9 August 2002)
Human Rights Foundation of New Zealand parallel report of New Zealand’s third periodic report to the Committee Against Torture (2003)
Committee Against Torture, Conclusions and Recommendations on New Zealand’s third periodic report (19 May 2004)
The role of an Ombudsman as a national preventive mechanism for monitoring places of detention under the Crimes of Torture Act 1989
Ombudsmen.parliament.nz/index.php?CID=100117
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1966
Prevention of racial discrimination, including early warning and urgent procedures: working paper adopted bythe Commettee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, A/48/18, Annex III, 1993
“Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination Considers Situation in New Zealand”, 25 February 2005, UN Press Release
International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, Decision 1 (66) – New Zealand Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, CERD/C/66/NZL/Dec. 1
Michael Cullen, “Cullen on UN Foreshore seabed decision”, Media Statement, 12 March 2005
Economic and Social Council, Indigenous Issues: Mission to New Zealand, E/CN.4/2006/78/Add.3, 13 March 2006
Michael Cullen “Response to UN Special Rapporteur report”, 4 April 2006 available at: beehive.govt.nz/release/response+un+special+rapporteur+report
Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention, New Zealand, CERD/C/NZL/CO/17, 15 August 22 2007
CERD Concerns aabout Australia, correspondence of 13 March 2009, 28 September 2009, 31 May 2010
International Labour Organisation conventions and human rights
Bob Hepple, “What is the relationship between workers’ rights and human rights?”, in Rights at Work, Discussion Paper, DP/147/2003, International Institute for Labour Studies, International Labour Organisation, Genveva, 2003, pp 13-15
III. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
Filartiga v Pena-Irala 630 F 2d 876 (1980)
Attorney-General of Israel v Eichmann, District Court of Jerusalem, 36 ILR 5 (1961)
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 3) [1999] 2 All ER 97 (judgments of Browne-Wilkinson, Millett, and Goff LLJ only)
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium), Summary of the Judgemnent of 14 February 2002
Fang And Ors v Jiang and Ors, High Court, Auckland, CIV 2004-404-5843, 21 December 2006, Randerson J
The Rome Statute ofj the International Criminal Court (excerpts)
IV. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
A. Introduction
International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law: Answers to your Questions (Geneva, 2002) excerpts
Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (AP I), 8 June 1977, art 75
B. Detention of Taliban and Al Qaeda Prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GC III, 12 August 1949), articles 1-5
M Mofidi and A E Eckert, “Unlawful Combatants or Prisoners of War: The Law and Politics of Labels”, (2003) 36 Cornell International Law Journal 59
C. Limitations on the means of waging war
International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative, Briefing on Legitimate Targeting and Aerial Bombardment (29 March 2003)
Crimes of War Project: In America’s Sights: Targeting Decisions in a War with Iraq (6 March 2003)
Crimes of War Project, Anthony Dworkin, Iraqi Television : A Legitimate Target? (27 March 2003)
Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons 1980, Protocol III: Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons
Crimes of War Project, Anthony Dworkin, Could the United States Use Riot Control Gas Against Iraq? (24 March 2003)
D. Critiques of International Humanitarian Law
F Kalshoven and L Zegveld, Constraints on the Waging of War (Geneva, International Committee of the Red Cross, 2001), pp 12-15
John Pomfret, “China Ponders New Rules of ‘Unrestricted War’” Washington Post, 8 August 1999
Crimes of War Project, Kenneth Anderson, Who Owns the Rules of War? (24 April 2003)
TREATY DOCUMENTS
1. Charter of the United Nations (Selected Articles), 1945
2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
3. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966
4. First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civl and Political Rights, 1966
5. Rules of Procedure of the Human Rights C ommittee Part XVII
6. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966
7. New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZ)
8. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966
9. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2008
10. Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984
11. Crimes of Torture Act 1989 (NZ)
12. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007
13. ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998
14. ILO Convention 138, Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 1973
LAWS302 – JURISPRUDENCE
Introduction
J Hasnas, ‘The myth of the rule of law’, (1995) 199 Wisconsin L R 202
J Smillie, ‘ Formalism, fairness and efficiency: civil adjudication in New Zealand’ [1996] NZ Law Review 254
B Wilson, ‘ Will women judges make a difference?’ (1990) 28 Osgoode Hall L J 507
The positivist impulse: HLA Hart
‘Hart’ from C Gray ed, The Philosophy of Law : An Encylcopaedia (2002)
‘Hart ‘, from N Simmonds, Central Issues in Jurisprudence (2nd ed, 2002)
‘British legal positivism’, from S Ratnapala, Jurisprudence (2009)
‘Hart’s conception of law’, from N McCormic, HLA Hart (1981)
‘Hart’s views in bried’, from M Martin, The Legal Philosophy of HLA Hart (1987
HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (1994) extracts from ch 5, 6 and 7
Fuller’s Challenge to the ‘Speparability’ of Law and Moraility
‘Separation of law and morality’, from S Ratnapala, Jurisprudence (2009)
‘The purposive and value-laden nature of law’, from R Summers, Lon L Fuller (1984)
L Fuller, ‘The morality that makes law possible’, from The Morality of Law (1964)
Lord Steyn, ‘Democracy, the rule of law and the role of judges’ (2006) 3 EHRLR 243
Dworkin: the concept of ‘Principled’ Adjudication
‘Dworkin’ from C Gray ed, The Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopaedia (2002)
‘An overview’, from R Wack, Understanding Jurisprudence (2nd ed, 2009)
‘Integrity and legal argument’ from S Guest, Ronald Dworkin (1992)
R Dworkin, ‘Is law a system of rules?’ from R Dworkin ed, The Philosophy of Law (1977)
HLA Hart, extracts from the ‘Postscript’ to The Concept of Law (2nd ed, 1994)
The skeptical response: Legal Realism (rule- and fact- skepticism)
‘American legal realism’, from S Ratnapala, Jurisprudence (2009)
‘American legal realism’, from B Leiter, in M Golding, W Edmundson eds The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory (2005)
K Llewellyn, ‘Some realism about realism’ (1931), reprinted in Jurisprudence (1962)
J Frank, ‘Judicial law-making’, from Law and the Modern Mind (1930)
W Rumble, ‘Rule-skepticism’, from American Legal Realism (1968)
K Llewellyn, ‘The leeways of precedent”, reprinted in The Common Law Tradition (1960)
E Levi, ‘An introduction to legal reasoning’, reprinted in P Smith ed, The Nature and Process of Law (1993)
J Stone, ‘Legal system and lawyers’ reasonings’, reprinted in P Smith ed. The Nature and Process of Law
Donohue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 (HL), the headnote and the judgment of Lord Atkin
W Rumble, ‘Fact-skepticism’, from American Legal Realism (1968)
J Frank, ‘The judging process and judge’s personality’ and ‘The basic myth and the jury’, from Law and the Modern Mind (1930)
LAWS 204 – PUBLIC LAW – 2009
CASES & MATERIALS – PART 1: Introduction
I. INTRODUCTION TO NEW ZEALAND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
1. Briefing Note, Cabinet Office, “New Zealand’s constitution – past, present and future”
2. A. Sharp, “Constitutionalism” in Miller, R, New Zealand’s Government and Politics, 4th ed, Exford University Press, ch 2
3. Cabinet Office Cabinet Manual 2001 (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Wellington, 2001) 1-6
4. G. Palmer, “The Legal Framework of the Constitution” in Colin James (ed) Building the Constitution (Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, 2000) 182-190
5. Te Puni Kōkiri He Tirohanga o Kawa ki te Tiriti o Waitangi, Ministry of Māori Development (2002), 14-18
II. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES
A. Rule of Law
6. Bradley & Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law 14th ed (2007) pp 95-106
7. C. Saunders & K. LeRoy, “Perspectives on the Rule of Law” in The Rule of Law (2003) pp 5-16
8. Supreme Court Act 2003, s3
9. Magna Carta 12190, c 29
10. Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 SC TR 1030
11. O’Connor v Police HC Invercargill, CRI 10/10/2008, CRI 2008-425-0012, Fogarty J
12. Fitzgeral v Muldoon [1976] 2 NZLR 615
B. Separation of Powers
13. Stanley de Smith and Rodney Brazier Constitutional and Administrative Law (Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex, 1998) 17-21
14. G & M Palmer, Bridled Power: New Zealand’s Constitution and Government, 4th ed, (2004) Oxford University Press, 7-9
C. Parliamentary Sovereignty
15. Bradley & Ewing, Constitutional and Adminstrative Law 14th ed (2007) pp 51-54
16. Berkett v Tauranga District Court [1992[ 3 NZLR 206
17. “Inquiry to review New Zealand’s existing constitutional arrangements”, Report of the Constitutional Arrangements Committee, August 2005
D. National Culture
18. M. Palmer, “New Zealand Constitutional Culture” Vol 22 New Zealand Universities Law Review 565, Dec 2007
PART 2: Parliament
I. THE LAW-MAKING POWERS OF PARLIAMENT
1. A Geddis, “Electoral Law in New Zealand” (2007) LexisNexis NZ Ltd ch2
2. Constitution Act 1986, sections 10-22
3. Parliament Brief: What is Parliament? Fact Sheet, Office of the Clerk, parliament.nz
4. Parliament Brief: Government Accountability, Fact Sheet, Office of the Clerk, parliament.nz
5. Parliament Brief: The Legislative Process, Fact Sheet, Office of the Clerk, parliament.nz
6. M. McNicholas, “Parliament Passes Law Validating Election Misspend” National Business Review 18 Oct 2006
7. Appropriation (Parliamentary Expenditure Validation) Act 2006
8. Vauxhall Estates Ltd v Liverpool Corporation [1932] 1 KB 733 (KB)
9. Ellen St Estates Ltd v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590 (CA)
10. Electoral Act 1993 s 268
11. A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand: Practice and Policy (2007)
12. A Bill of Rights for New Zealand – A White Paper (Wellington, 1985), paras 7.1 – 7.24
13. L v M [1979] 2 NZLR 519 (SC)
14. Brader v Ministry of Transport [1981] NZLR 73 (CA)
15. New Zealand Drivers’ Association v New Zealand Road Carriers [1982] NZLR 374 (CA)
16. Fraser v State Services Commission [1984] 1 NZLR 116 (CA)
17. Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board [1984] 1 NZLR 394 (CA)
18. Keenan v Attorney-General [1986] NZLR 241 (CA)
19. Building Construction Employees and Builders’ Labourers Federation of New South Wales v Minister for Industrial Relations (1986) 7 NSWLR 372 (CA)
20. Shaw v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1999] 3 NZLR 154
21. Rt Hon B McLachlin, “Unwritten Constitutional Principles: What is Going on” (2006) 4 NZJPIL 147-163
22. Lord Bingham of Cornhill, “The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament” (2008) 19 KLJ 223-224
II. PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE
23. David McGee Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand (3rd ed, GP Publications, Wellington, 2005) 606-616
24. Queen v Speaker, House of Representatives [2004] NZAR 585
25. Awatere Huata v Prebble [2004] 3 NZLR 359
PART 3 : The Executive
“The Executive”
P A Joseph, “Executive Function” in Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand (2007, 3rd edn). Pp 189 and 190
The New Zealand Crown
Cabinet Office, Cabinet Manual (2008), extracts from chapters 1 to 5
A Ladley, “The Head of State: The Crown, the Queen and the Governor-General” in R Miller New Zealand Politics in Transition (1997) pp 51-61
G & M Palmer, “The Prime Minister and Cabinet”, in Bridled Power: New Zealand’s Constitution and Government, (2004, 4th edn), pp 68-85
Constitutional Conventions and the Executive
Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976] 1 QB 752 (QB)
C Munro, “Laws and Conventions Distinguished” in Studies in Constitutional Law (1999, 2nd edn), chapter 3
P A Joseph, “Constitutional Conventions” in Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zeland (2007, 3rd edn) chapter 8
The Governor-General and Government Formation
Cabinet Office, Cabinet Manual (2008), extracts from chapter 6
A Stockley, “The Governor-General and MMP” [1996] NZLJ 213-218
A Geddis “The Formation (and Form) of Government under New Zealand’s MMP System” (2006) 17 PLR 85, pp 85-90
Ministerial Responsibility
G & M Palmer, “Ministerial Responsibility”, in Bridled Power : New Zealand’s Constitution and Government, (2004, 4th edn), pp 85-94
Cabinet Office, Circular CO (06) 04, 22 August 2006
P A Joseph “MMP and the Constitution: Future Constitutional Challenges”, paper presented at the symposium MMP and the Constitution: 15 years past, 15 years forward, NZ Centre for Public Law, Victoria University of Wellington, 26-27 August 2008
The Royal Prerogative
A W Bradley and K D Ewing “The Royal Prerogative” in Constitutional and Administrative Law (1998), pp 271-285
Blackburn v Attorney-General [1971[ 1 WLR 1037 (CA)
Legal Control of the Executive
Crown Entities Act 2004, State Sector Act 1988, Public Finance Act 1989, extracts
Fitzgerald v Muldoon [1976] 2 NZLR 615 (SC)
Laker Airways Ltd v Department of Trade [1977] 2 All ER 182 (CA)
Choudry v Attorney-General [1999] 2 NZLR 582 (CA)
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 (HL)
PART 4 : The Courts, Judicial Review & Delegated Legislation
The Courts and the Role of the Judiciary
-Brockie B., ‘What the hell Bruce’ in R. Wilson From Manapouri to Aramoana – the Battle for NZ’s Environment (1982)
-Palmer G. and Palmer M., Bridled Power (4th edn, 2004), chapter 15
Judicial Review of Executive Decisions/Decision-Making
1. Definitions
2. Evolution
3. Review and Appeal
4. Jurisdiction and Privative Clauses
5. Procedure
6. Remedies
-High Court Rules 623, 624, 625, 626, 627
7. Standing
8. Reviewability
-Burt v Governor-General [1992] 3 NZLR 672 (CA)0
-R v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex parte Bentley [1994] 4 WLR 101 (QB)
9. Grounds & Cases
-Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 (CA)
-Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968] AC 997 (HL)
-Dagnayasi v Minister of Immigration [1980] 2 NZLR 172 (CA)
-CREEDNZ Inc v Governor-General [1981] 1 NZLR 172 (CA)
-Davidson v Scottish Ministers [2004] UKHL 34 (HL)
-Chief Constable of the North Wales Police v Evans [1982] 2 WLR 1155 (HL)
-Fiordland Venison v Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1978] 2 NZLR 341 (CA)
-International League for the Protection of Horses v Attorney-General, unreported, 31 May 1993, CA 106/93
-Webster v Auckland Harbour Board [1987] 2 NZLR 129 (CA)
-Progressive Enterprises v North Shore City Council [2006] NZRMA 72; (2005) 11 ELRNZ 421
-Wolf v Minister of Immigration (2004) 7 HRNZ 469; [2004] NZAR 414
-R v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex parte Hook [1976] 1 WLR 1052
Delegated Legislation – Judicial Review
Introduction
Grounds for Review – Ultra/Intra Vires
Other Grounds for Review
-Alan Johnston Sawmilling Ltd v Governor-General (1999) NZCC 61, 129
Delgated Legislation –Parliamentary Scrutiny
-Standing Orders of the House of Representatives of New Zealand, SOs 314-317
-Hunt, Rt Hon Jonathan ‘The Regulations Review Committee’ (1999) NZLJ 402
LEGISLATION SUPPLEMENT
1. Acts and Regulations Publication Act 1989 ss 4, 8
2. Bill of Rights 1688 (Eng)
3. Constitution Act 1986 ss 1-26
4. Crimes Act 1961 ss 31, 32, 35, 42, 315-317
5. Crown Proceedings Act 1950 ss 3, 11, 27(1)
6. Declaratory Judgments Act 1908 ss 1, 3 , 4, 9, 10
7. Evidence Act 2006 s 30
8. Habeas Corpus Act 2001 ss 5-7, 9, 14-16
9. Judicature Act 1908 s 16
10. Judicature Amendment Act 1972 ss 1-4, 6-9
11. Land Transport Act 1998 ss 95, 96, 113, 114
12. Letter Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand (Note: This is not legislation but an exercise of the royal prerogative)
13. Legislature Act 1908 s 242
14. Misuse of Drugs Act ss 3A, 4, 4A, 18
15. New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
16. Official Information Act 1982 ss 2-6, 9-10, 18, 22-24, 27, 30-32, 32B
17. Ombudsmen Act 1975 s 13
18. Privacy Act 1993 ss 2-6, 9-10, 18, 22-24, 27, 30
19. Regulations (Disallowance) Act 1989 ss 2, 4-10
20. Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 ss 1-9, First Schedule
21. Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992 ss 1-5, 7, 9-11, 39-40
22. Treaty of Waitangi (State Enterprises) Act 1988 ss 1, 9, 10(1) and (2)
PART 5
THE TREATY OF WAITANGI/ TE TIRITI O WAITANGI
The Status of the Treaty in New Zealand Law
Hoani Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea District Māori Land Board [1941] AC 308
The Waitangi Tribunal/Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi
Waitangi Tribunal Orakei Report (1991), ch 11
The Treaty and the Courts
The State-owned Enterprises Legislation
New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney-General [1987] 1 NZLR 641 (CA) (‘lands’)
New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney-General [1992] 2 NZLR 576 (CA, Cooke P) (‘broadcasting assets’)
New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney-General [1994] 1 NZLR 513 (PC) (‘broadcasting assets’)
The Fisheries Litigation & Settlement
Te Runanga o Muriwhenua Inc v Attorney-General [1990] 2 NZLR 641
Durie, M., ‘Mana Moana – the business of fishing’ in Te Mana Te Kawanatanga (1998)
Te Runanga o Wharekauri Rekohu Inc v Attorney-General [1993] 2 NZLR 301
The Treaty Settlement Process
Durie, M., ‘Mana Tiriti: the Application of the Treaty of Waitangi’ in Te Mana Te Kawanatanga (1998)
Te Tari Whakatau Take e pa ana ki te Tiriti o Waitangi/Office of Treaty Settlements, Ka tika a muri, ka tika a mua/ Healing the past, building a future (2004)
New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney-General [2007] NZCA 269 (‘Te Arawa Deed of Settlement’)
Te Arawa Deed of Settlement, 21 February 2008
The Future?
Palmer, G., “The Treat of Waitangi – Where to from Here? Looking Back to Move Forward”, Presentation to the Te Papa Treaty of Waitangi Debate Series, 2 February 2006
UN Commission on Human Rights 62nd Session, 13 March 2006 Indigenous Issues : Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, Mission to New Zealand
Harris, B. V., ‘The Treat of Waitangi and the Constitutional Future of NZ’ [2005] NZULR 189
PART 6
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DOMESTIC LAW
Introduction
Gillian D. Triggs, International Law: Contemporary Principles and Practices (Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2006), sections 1.6 to 1.27
Sources of International Law – Custom
Hugh Thirlway, “The Sources of International Law”, in Malcolm D. Evans, ed., International Law 2/e (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) pp. 121-127
Sources of International Law – Treaties
Hugh Thirlway, “The Sources of International Law”, in Malcolm D. Evans, ed., International Law 2/e (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) pp 119-121 and 127-132
Sources of International Law – ‘Soft Law’
Dinah L. Shelton, “Soft Law”, in Handbook of International Law (Routledge Press, 2008)
“Just Good Business” (The Economist, 19 January 2008)
“A Stress Test for Good Intentions” (The Economist, May 14, 2009) economist.com/businessfinance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13648978
Participants in International Law
Gillian D. Triggs, International Law: Contemporary Principles and Practices (Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2006), sections 4. 1-4.5 and 4.52-4.71
Jurisdiction
Vaughan Lowe, “Jurisdiction”, in Malcom D. Evans, ed., International Law 2/e (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) p. 335-351
Sovereign Immunity
Marine Steel Ltd v Government of the Marshall Islands [1981]
The Governor of Pitcairn v Sutton [1995] 1 NZLR 426
Controller and Auditor-General v Davison [1996] 2 NZLR 278, pp. 1-13 (Cooke P); 9-14 and 16-21 (Richardson J), 1-19 (Thomas J)
Fang v Jiang [2007] NZAR 420
International Law in Domestic Law
Eileen Denza, “The Relationship Between International and National Law” in Malcolm Evans, ed., International Law 2/e (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) pp. 428-446
Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Corporation & Others [2002] U
KHL 19
Ashby v Minister of Immigration [1981] 1 NZLR 222
Tavita v Minister of Immigration [1994] 2 NZLR 257
Claudia Geiringer, “Zaoui Revisted” (2005) New Zealand Law Journal 285
Treasa Dunworth, “Hidden Anxieties: Customary International Law in New Zealand” (2004) 2 NZJPIL 67
Justice Michael Kirby, “International Law – The Impact on International Constitutions”, 7th Annual Grotius Lecture, delivered to Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, Washington DC, March 29 2005
Harold Koh, “International Law of Part of Our Law” (2204) AJIL 2004
PART 7
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
I. THE NZ BILL OF RIGHTS ACT 1990: AN OVERVIEW
Introduction
NZ Bill of Rights Act 1990
Draft NZ Bill of Rights: selected sections that were not enacted
Rishworth, P (et al) The New Zealand Bill of Rights, OUP (2003) pp 1-8, 39-43
Palmer & Palmer Bridled Power, OUP (2004) pp 316-332
Rishworth, P The Bill of Rights – Getting the Basics Right (NZLS, 2001) pp 3-12
Who has the burden and benefit of the NZBORA; ie to whom does it apply? S 3
R v N [1999] 1 NZLR 713 (CA)
Ramsfield v Radio Network Ltd [200] 1 NZLR 233
Dunne v CanWest [2005] NZAR 577
Falun Dafa Assn of NZ Inc v Akld Children’s Christmas Parade Trust Board [2009] NZAR 122
The NZBORA’s impact on Parliament: s 7
Legislation Advisory Committee: “Guidelines on Process & Content of Legislation”, Ministry of Justice (as at 1 September 2009)
Report of the Attorney-General under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 on the Misuse of Drugs (Classification of BZP) Amendment Bill 2007
Boscawen v Attorney-General [2009] 2 NZLR 229 (CA)
How does the NZBORA apply to statutory interpretation? Ss 4 to 6
Police v Beggs [1999] 3 NZLR 615 (HC, FC)
Moonen v Film and Literature Board of Review [2000] 2 NZLR 9
Hopkinson v Police [2004] 3 NZLR 704
R v Hansen [2007] 3 NZLR 1 (SC)
Brooker v Police [2007] 3 NZLR 91 (SC)
Morse & Rawnsley v Police (HC, Wellington CRI 2007-485-153, 29 May 2008, Miller J)
Remedies for breaching NZBORA
Rishworth, P (et al) “The New Zealand Bill of Rights”, Oxford Press (2003) pp 811-812, 814-819
Simpson v Attorney-General (Baigent’s Case) [1994[ 3 NZLR 667 (CA)
Taunoa v Attorney-General [2007] NZSC 70 [2008] 1 NZLR 429
R v Williams [2009] 2 NZLR 750 (SC)
R v Williams [2007] 3 NZLR 207 (CA)
s 30 Evidence Act 2006
The Bill of Rights in operation: unreasonable search and seizure: s 21 – stop and search of motor vehicle
Specific statutory provisions authorizing stop, search and seizure
Ss 114, 95, 96 Land Transport Act 1998
Ss 314B, 314C, 317A Crimes 1961
S 18 Misuse of Drugs Act 1975
Unlawful search/unreasonable search
R v Jefferies [1994] 1 NZLR 290 (CA)
R v Laugalis (1993) 10 CRNZ 350 (CA)
R v Pratt [1994] 3 NZLR 21 (CA)
Everitt v Attorney-General [2002] 1 NZLR 82 (CA)
R v Campen (HC, Auckland CRI 2007-004-18646, 7 April 2009, Lang J)
The Bill of Rights in operation: ss 22 and 23 – processing suspecting drink drivers
Arbitrary arrest/detention: NZ Bill of Rights Act, s 22
Flowchart from Becroft and Hall’s Transport Law
Ministry of Transport v Noort [1992] 3 NZLR 260 (CA)
R v Goodwin (No 2) [1993] 2 NZLR 390 (CA)
Afford arrested person right to consult and instruct a lawyer: NZ Bill of Rights Act, s 23(1)(b)
Practice Note on Police Questioning [2007] 3 NZLR 297
R v Mallinson [1993] 1 NZLR 528 (CA)
Brosnahan v Police [2009] NZCA 146
CRIMINAL LAW
PART I
ELEMENTS OF OFFENCE
INTRODUCTIONS
SOURCES OF NEW ZEALAND CRIMINAL LAW
1. Statutes and Common Law
2. History of the Crimes Act
ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA
ACTUS REUS
(i) Acts, Omissions and Contemporaneity
Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 438
R v Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 (HL)
Nicholson v Department of Social Welfare [1999] 3 NZLR 50
(ii) Statuses and States of Affairs
R v Larsonneur (1933) 24 Cr App R 75
(iii) Causation
Kilbridge v Lake [1962] NZLR 590
(iv) Involuntary Conduct
R v Campbell (1997) 15 CRNZ 138
(v) Justifiable or Excusable Acts or Omissions
Tifaga v Department of Labour [1980] 2 NZLR 235
MENS REA
(i) Intention
The English Cases
R v Moloney [1985] AC 905 (HL)
Note
R v Woollin [1998] 3 WLR 383 (HL)
R v Matthews and Alleyne [2003] Crim LR 553
The New Zealand Cases
R v Piri [1987] 1 NZLR 66 (CA)
R v Wentworth [1993] 2 NZLR 450
Knowledge
R v Crooks [1981] 2 NZLR 53 (CA)
R v Martin [2007] NZCA 386
Recklessness
R v G another [2003] 3 WLR 1060 (HL)
R v Harney [1987] 2 NZLR 576 (CA)
R v Tipple unreported, CA 217/05, 22/12/05
R v Hay (1987) 3 CRNZ 421
D’Almeida v Auckland City Council (1984) 1 CRNZ 281
R v Jones [1986] 1 NZLR 1 (CA)
CASE STUDY : THEFT
Sections 2, 217-219, 223 Crimes Act 1961
Section 219: Theft
(1) Actus reus
“Taking” – s219(1)(a), s219(3)
“Using or dealing with” – s219(1)(b)
R v Russell [1977] 2 NZLR 20 (CA)
(2) Mens rea
“Dishonestly” – s217
“Without claim of right” – s2
Brown & Edney v Police (1984) 1 CRNZ 576
“With intent to deprive the owner permanently”
R v Morunga (2000) 17 CRNZ 396 (CA)
PART II
STRICT LIABILITY
PRE-MACKENZIE DEVELOPMENTS
Truly Criminal Offences and the “Half-Way House”
R v Strawbridge [1970] NZLR 909 (CA)
Quasi-Criminal Offences
Police v Creedon [1976] 1 NZLR 571 (CA)
A New Approach Foreshadowed
MOT v Burnetts Motors Ltd [1980] 1 NZLR 51 (CA)
THE ADOPTION OF THE SAULT ST MARIE CATEGORISATION
Civil Aviation Dept v MacKenzie [1983] NZLR 78 (CA)
THE CATEGORIES OF OFFENCES RECONSIDERED
Millar v MOT [1986] 1 NZLR 660 (CA)
THE CATEGORIES AFTER MILLAR AND THE GENERAL APPROACH TO CATEGORISATION
Tell v Maritime Safety Authority [2008] NZAR 306 (CA)
OFFENCES OUTSIDE THE CLASSIFICATION
Police v Vialle [1989] 1 NZLR 521 (CA)
Civil Aviation Authority v Van den Burg [2008] DCR 531 (HC)
VARIANT OFFENCES
Hybrid Offences
Police v Starkey [1989] 2 NZLR 373
Mens Rea Offences in Category 2
Gardiner v Van Marrewyjk (1996) 11 CRNZ 656
Public Welfare Offences in Category 1
Cohen v DOC (1990) 6 CRNZ 668
Summers v SPCA [1991] 2 NZLR 469
R v Gedson 4/12/97, HC Rotorua, Fisher J, T 51/97
CATEGORY 1: MENS REA OFFENCES
Police v Lindsay [1989] DCR 389
Police v TVNZ Ltd [1990] DCR 504
CATEGORY 2: STRICT LIABILITY OFFENCES
Specific Matters Relevant to Categorisation as Strict Liability Offences
Waikato Carbonisation Ltd v Waikato Valley Auth 4/9/84, HC Hamilton, Barker J, M220/94
Tell v Maritime Safety Authority [2008] NZAR 306 (CA)
Jackson v Attorney-General 12/12/05, HC Christchurch, Randerson J, CIV 2005-409-839
CATEGORY 3: ABSOLUTE LIABILITY OFFENCES
AHI Operations Ltd v Department of Labour [1986] 1 NZLR 645
IRD v Thomas (1989) 13 TRNZ 697
Barrow v Van Den Beld 14/11/84, HC Dunedin, Holland J, M83/84
Boyes v New Zealand Customs [2005] DCR 330 (HC)
New Zealand Customs Service v DHL International (NZ) Ltd [2000] DCR 22
THE NO-FAULT DEFENCE IN CATEGORY 2
The Standard of Care
New Zealand Customs Service v DHL International (NZ) Ltd [2000] DCR 22
The Burden of Proof
Joe v Police 21/12/95, HC Wellington, Goddard J, AP 230/95
Vicarious Liability and the No-Fault Defence
New Zealand Customs Service v DHL International (NZ) Ltd [2000] DCR 22
MISTAKE OF FACT AND MISTAKE OF LAW
R v Cave 1/8/05, CA 393/04
Booth v MOT [1988] 2 NZLR 217
Inspector of Factories v Tarbert St Food Centre (1985) Ltd [1989] DCR 471
MOT v Wilke [1992] DCR 104
Police v Roche (1989) 5 CRNZ 238
MOT v Morrell (1987) 3 DCR 569
Officially Induced Error of Law
City of Lévis v Tétreault (2006) 207 CCC (3d) 1 (SCC)
R v Jorgensen (1995) 102 CCC (3d) 97 (SCC)
Tipple v Police [1994] 2 NZLR 362
Ministry of Fisheries v New Zealand Wholesale Seafoods (1984) Ltd [2001] DCR 85
McCrae v Buller District Council 12 December 2005, HC Greymouth, Chisholm J, CRI 2005-418-1
Diriye v Police [2007] NZAR 717
Wilson v Auckland City Council [2007] DCR 665 (HC)
Skelton v Police [1998] NZFLR 102
PART III
PARTIES TO OFFECES
PRINCIPAL PARTIES: s 66(1)(a)
Joint Principal Parties and Distinguishing Secondary Parties from Principal Parties
R v Harawira [1989] 2 NZLR 714 (CA)
Innocent Agency
R v Paterson [1976] 2 NZLR 394 (CA)
R v Cogan and Leak [1976] QB 217
R v Cooper, High Court, Christchurch, 29 June 1988, Williamson J
Police v B [1990] 2 NZLR 504, [1991] 2 NZLR 527 (CA)
SECONDARY PARTIES: s 66(1)(b)-(d)
Actus Reus
(i) Contemporaneity
R v Turanga [1993] 1 NZLR 685
(ii) Forms of Participation
Aiding and Abetting
Larkins v Police [1987] 2 NZLR 282
R v Schriek [1997] 2 NZLR 139 (CA)
Inciting, Counselling and Procuring
(iii) Omissions
Cooper v MOT [1991] 2 NZLR 693
R v Witika (1991) 7 CRNZ 621 (CA)
R v Witika [1993] 2 NZLR 424 (CA)
R v Brough, Court of Appeal, 27 February 1997
Mens Rea: Knowledge and Intention
(i) Knowledge of Essential Matters
Johnson v Youden [1950] 1 KB 544
Cardin Laurant Ltd v Commerce Commission [1990] 3 NZLR 563
R v Baker (1909) 28 NZLR 536 (CA)
R v Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129
R v Maxwell [1978] 1 WLR 1350
R v Kimura (1992) 9 CRNZ 115 (CA)
R v Hartley [2009] 3 NZLR 299 (CA)
(ii) Intention to Help or Encourage
R v Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR 1402
R v Jones and Mirrless (1977) 65 Cr App 250
R v Pene, Court of Appeal, 1 July 1980
R v Genet, Court of Appeal, 10 April 1984
Innes v Police, High Court, Invercargill, 24 April 1991, Williamson J
R v Wentworth [1993] 2 NZLR 450
R v Wentworth, Court of Appeal, 26 May 1993
Heta v Police, High Court, Hamilton, 19 February 2003
SECONDARY PARTIES: s 66(2)
The Scope of s 66(2)
R v Curtis [1988] 1 NZLR 734 (CA)
R v O’Dell, Court of Appeal, 28 October 1986
R v Hagen, Court of Appeal, 4 December 2002
Proof of an “Offence” Committed “In Prosecution of the Common Purpose”
R v Currie [1969] NZLR 193 (CA)
R v Nathan [1981] 2 NZLR 473
R v Hubbard (1990) 6 CRNZ 80
The Meaning of “Probable”
R v Gush [1980] 2 NZLR 92 (CA)
Different Verdicts for Culpable Homicide Committed in Prosecution of Common Purpose : The General Position
R v Hamilton [1985] 2 NZLR 245 (CA)
R v Tomkins [1985] 2 NZLR 253 (CA)
R v Hirawani, Wilson & Henry, Court of Appeal, 30 November 1990
R v Te Moni [1998] 1 NZLR 641 (CA)
Different Verdicts where Principal Party Convicted of Murder under s 168
R v Rapira [2003] 3 NZLR 794 (CA)
WITHDRAWAL
R v Pink [2001] 2 NZLR 860
R v Hartley [2007] 3 NZLR 299 (CA)
PART IV
ATTEMPT AND CONSPIRACY
1 Mens Rea
R v Murphy [1969] NZLR 959 (CA)
R v Mohan [1976] QB 1
R v Khan (1990) 91 Cr App R 29
R v L [2006] 3 NZLR 291
2 Actus Reus
(i) The Old Equivocality Test
Campbell & Bradley v Ward [1955] NZLR 471
(ii) The Current Test: Immediate or Proximate Connection with the Intended Offence
Police v Wylie [1976] 2 NZLR 167 (CA)
R v Wilcox [1982] 1 NZLR 191 (CA)
R v Yen [2007] NZCA 203
Drewery v Police (1988) 3 CRNZ 499
R v Hoenderdos (unreported, High Court, Christchurch, 23 October 1992, T 31/92)
R v Peneha (1993) 11 CRNZ 183
R v Drummond (1993) 9 CRNZ 228
R v Crawford (unreported, High Court, Rotorua, 16 November 2005, CRI-2005-070-3151)
R v Towgood [2007] NZCA 359
R v Bobos [1993] DCR 1105
R v Beveridge (unreported, High Court, Christchurch, 7 September 2001, T19/01)
R v Burrett, Payne and Phillpott (unreported, High Court, Wellington, 13 February 2003, T NO. 3347/02)
Bryant Holdings v Marlborough DC [2008] NZRMA 485
3 The Problem of Impossibility
(i) Legal Impossibility
R v Donnelly [1970] NZLR 980 (CA)
(ii) Factual or Physical Impossibility
Police v Jay [1974] 2 NZLR 204
Higgins v Police (1984) 1 CRNZ 187
Collector of Customs v Kozanic (1982) 2 DCR 3
R v Hansard (unreported, Court of Appeal, 17 February 1978, CA 172/77)
4 Functions of Judge and Jury
Leckey v Attorney-General [1993] 1 NZLR 98
CONSPIRACY
1 Elements and Scope
R v Gemmell [1985] 2 NZLR 740 (CA)
R v Richards (1992) 9 CRNZ 403
R v Lang (1998) 16 CRNZ 68 (CA)
2 Completion and Duration
R v Johnston (1986) 2 CRNZ 289 (CA)
3 Evidence and Proof
R v Laugalis (1993) 10 CRNZ 350 (CA)
Keegan v R (unreported, High Court, Auckland, 9 September 2005, CRI 2004-004-006987)
4 The Problem of Impossibility
R v Sew Hoy (1994) 1 NZLR 257 (CA)
PART V
HOMICIDE
A THE STATUTORY PROVISIONS
CRIMES ACT 1961, sections 150A-187A
SENTENCING ACT 2002, sections 102-105
B SOME LEADING CASES
I. IS IT HOMICIDE?
R v Smith [1959] 2 QB 35 (UK C-M AC)
R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411 (Eng CA)
R v Tomars [1978] 2 NZLR 505 (CA)
R v McKinnon [1980] 2 NZLR 31 (CA)
R v Pagett (1983) 76 CrAppR 297 (Eng CA)
R v Kennedy [2008] 1 AC 269 (UK HL)
II. IS IT CULPABLE HOMICIDE?
(a) By an unlawful act
R v Myatt [1991] 1 NZLR 674 (CA)
R v Renata [1992] 2 NZLR 346 (CA)
R v Hawkins (unreported, HC Napier, T18/00, 21 February 2001, Goddard J)
R v Lee [2006] 3 NZLR 42 (CA)
See also R v Powell, below
(b) By an omission without lawful excuse to perform or observe any legal duty
R v Yogasakaran [1990] 1 NZLR 399
See also R v Myatt, above
Note: Crimes Act 1961, s150A, inserted by 1997 amendment
R v Powell [2002] 1 NZLR 666 (CA)
R v Lunt [2004] 1 NZLR 498 (CA)
R v Hamer [2005] 2 NZLR 81 (CA)
III. IS IT INFANTICIDE, MURDER OF MANSLAUGHTER?
(a) Mental element for Murder
R v Piri [1987] 1 NZLR 66 (CA)
R v Harney [1987] 2 NZLR 576 (CA)
R v Aramakutu [1991] 3 NZLR 429 (CA)
(b) Provocation, reducing murder to manslaughter
R v Rongonui [2000] 2 NZLR 385 (CA)
PART VI
SELECTED DEFENCES
I. CONSENT
Crimes Act 1961, ss 2, 20, 59, 61-61A, 63, 127-138, 188-190, 196-197, 201
R v Barker [2009] NZCA 186
R v Mobilio [1991] VR 339
II. INSANITY
Crimes Act 1961, s 23
Homicide Act 1957 (UK), s 2
Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992, s 2
M’Naghten Rules (1843) 10 Cl & F 200, 8 ER 718
R v MacMillan [1966] NZLR 616 (CA)
R v Dixon [2008] 2 NZLR 617, 619-625 (CA)
Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) Act 2003, ss 4-9, 20-21, 24-25, 33-34
III. INTOXICATION
R v Kamipeli [1975] 2 NZLR 610 (CA)
R v Dixon [2008] 2 NZLR 617, 625-628 (CA)
R v Kingston [1994] QB 81, 84-91 (Eng CA); [1995] 2 AC 355, 360-378 (HL)
Ministry of Transport v Crawford [1988] 1 NZLR 762 (HC)
Sentencing Act 2002, s 9
LABOUR LAW LAWS 413
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS ACT 2000 (FULL TEXT)
PART I: INTRODUCTION : THE HISTORICAL AND POLICY CONTEXT
R v Keite (1697) 91 English Reports 989
Turner v Mason (1845) 153 English Reports 411
W B Creighton, W J Ford, R J Mitchell, Labour Law (Sydney 1983), pp 3-5, 13-18
Inspector of Awards v Priest t/a Renee Foil Printers [1979] ACJ 359
P Churchman & P Roth, “The Philosophy Behind the Employment Relations Act” Employment Relations Act 2000, New Zealand Law Society Seminar, pp 1-8
Employment Relations Bill, Explanatory Note, pp 1-2
Employment Relations Act, s 3
PART II: THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOMENT
A. The Contract of Service v The Contract for Services
Employment Relations Act s 5 definition of “employment agreement” : s 6 (“Meaning of employee”): and s 5 definitions of “homeworker” and “dwellinghouse”
MacGregor v Les Mills Ferrymend Fitness Ltd (Unreported, CA 1/03)
Cunningham v TNT Express Worldwide (NZ) Ltd [1993] 1 ERNZ 695 (CA)
Curlew v Harvey Norman Stores (NZ) Pty Limited [2002] 1 ERNZ 114
Bryson v Three Foot Six Limited [2003] 1 ERNZ 581 (E.C.)
Cashman v Central Regional Health Authority [1997] 1 NZLR 7 (CA)
B. Formation of the Contract of Service
Employment Relations Act, s 5 definition of “person intending to work”, s 60 (object of Part 6)
1. Types of Employment Agreements
Employment Relations Act, s 66 (fixed term agreements); s 67 (probationary arrangements); s 67A-B (trial provisions)
Butler v Pakarae Incorporation (Unreported, AA 194/01)
Smith v Stokes Valley Pharmacy (2009) Limited [2010] NZEmpC 111
2. General and Formal Requirements
Employment Relations Act, ss 60A-65A; s 5 definitions of “individual employment agreement”, “collective agreement”, “coverage clause” and “employment agreement”
Warrick Henderson Gallery Ltd v Weston (unreported CA 80/04, 14 Nov 2005)
3. Misrepresentation
Fair Trading Act 1986, s 12
Contractual Remedies Act ss7(1), (3), (4) and 9 (1) (2) (4)
Skywards Catering v Apthorp-Hall [1995] 2 ERNZ 218
Stewart v Industrial Services Nelson Inc, Employment Relations Authority, CA 85/09, 19 June 2009
Murray v Attorney-General in respect of the Inland Revenue Department, Employment Court, Wellington, WC 23/02, 9 July 2002, Goddard CJ
Crimes Act 1961 s 240
4. Unfair bargaining
Employment Relations Act, ss 68-69
C. The Contents of the Contract of Service
1. Express terms: Restraint of trade
Illegal Contracts Act 1970, ss 3, 5-8, 11(1)(a)
H & R Block Ltd v Sanott [1976] 1 NZLR 213
Greenwich v Murray and Stewart (1979) 1 NZIPR 181
Airgas Compressor Specialists v Bryant [1998] 2 ERNZ 42, at 51-55
Fuel Espresso Ltd v Hseih [2007] ERNZ 60 (CA)
2. Incorporated Terms
Duty of good faith: Employment Relations Act, s 4, s 4A
3. Implied Terms
(i) Implied terms generally
New Zealand Merchant Service Guild IUOW Inc v New Zealand Rail Ltd [1991] 2 ERNZ 587
(ii) The Implied Term of Confidence, Trust and Fair Dealing
Auckland Shop Employees Union v Woolworths (New Zealand) Ltd [1985] 2 NZLR 372 (CA)
Marlborough Harbour Board v Goulden [1985] 2 NZLR 378 (CA)
Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International (in liquidation) [1997] 3 All ER 1 (HL) – Nicholl and Steyn IJJ only
(iii) Implied Duties of the Employee
New Zealand Airline Pilots’ Association v Air New Zealand Ltd [1992] 2 NZLR 656 (CA)
Hodgson v The Warehouse [1998] 3 ERNZ 76
Communications & Energy Workers Union v Tisco [1992] 2 ERNZ 1087
Schilling v Kidd Garrett Ltd [1977] 1 NZLR 243 (CA)
EIL Brigade Road Ltd v Brown, High Court, Christchurch, CIV-2001-4-9-00073, 5 August 2004, Fogarty J
Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [1986] 1 All ER 617 (CA)
Peninsular Real Estate Ltd v Harris [1992] 2 NZLR 216
PART III: EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS
Employment Relations Act, s 5 definition of “employment relationship problem”
A. Specialist Employment Law Institutions
Institutions generally: Employment Relations Act, s 143 (object of part 10)
Mediation services: Employment Relations Act, ss 144, 145, 147, 149, 149A, 150
Employment Relations Authority: Employment Relations Act, ss 157, 159, 160-162, 173, 177, 178, 179, 181
Employment Court: Employment Relations Act, ss 187, 189
Appellate jurisdictions: Employment Relations Act, ss 214, 214A
B. Termination of the employment agreement
A Worker v A Farmer CA552/2009 [2010] NZCA 547
C. Personal Grievances
Employment Relations Act, ss 103, 112, 114-115, 120
1. Unjustifiable Dismissal
(i) General Principles
Employment Relations Act, s 103A
Auckland City Council v Hennessey [1982] ACJ 699
Wellington Road Transport, etc IUOW v Fletcher Construction Co Ltd [1983] ACJ 653
(ii) Misconduct and Poor Performance Cases
W & H Newspapers Ltd v Oram [2001] 3 NZLR 29
Air New Zealand Limited v V [2009] NZEmpC 45
B W Bellis Ltd v Canterbury Hotel, etc, IUOW [1985] ACJ 956
Airline Stewards and Hostesses of New Zealand IUOW v Air New Zealand (1991) 4 NZELC 95, 261
(iii) Constructive Dismissal
Wellington, etc, Clerical, etc, IUOW v Greenwich [1983] ACJ 965
Marshall Cordner & Co v Canterbury Clerical, etc, Workers’ IUOW (1987) 1 NZELC 95, 344
Business Distributors Limited v Faruq Mohammed Patel [2001] ERNZ 124
(iv) Redundancy
Vice-Chancellor of Massey University v Wrigley [2011] NZEmpC 37
2. Unjustifiable Action
Alliance Freezing Co (Southland) Ltd v New Zealand Engineering Workers Union [1990] 1 NZLR 533 (CA)
D. Industrial Action
Employment Relations Act, ss 80-88, 97, 99, 100
Carter Holt Harvey v National Distribution Union Inc [2002] 1 ERNZ 239 (CA)
NZ Dairy Workers’ Union Inc v Open Country Cheese Company Ltd [2011] NZCA 56
Air Nelson v New Zealand Amalgamated Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union Inc [2010] NZSC 53
LAW AND MEDICINE
LAWS 447
MENTAL HEALTH (COMPULSORY ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT ACT) 1992; FULL TEXT
I. INTRODUCITON TO NEW ZEALAND HEALTH CARE LAW
1. The Statutory Compensation Scheme and the Limited Role of Tort Actions
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582
Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2001 ss 1-5, 20-21, 25-28, 32-34, 317, 319
2. The Important Role of the Code and the Commissioner
Health and Disability Commissioner (Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers’ Rights) Regulations 1996
Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994 ss 1-75
Human Rights Act 1993 ss 93-94, 98-108
Marks v Director of Health and Disability Proceedings [2009] 3 NZLR 108
3. The Required Standard of Care
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582
Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232
II. CONSENT TO MEDICAL PROCEDURES
4. Consent to Medical Treatment: Introduction
Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 ss 3-4, 7-11, 34-36, 45, 49, 64-71, 84-92, 100-101, 174
State of Queensland v Nolan [2001] QSC 174
5. Capacity/Competence to Consent to Treatment
Re C (Adult: Refusal of Treatment) [1994] 1 WLR 290
Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act 1988 ss 1-10, 12-23, 93A-108
Care of Children Act 2004, ss 1-38
6. The Duty to Inform and Legally Effective Consent
Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479
B v Medical Council of New Zealand (1996) [2005] 3 NZLR 810
Harman v Director of Proceedings HC Auckland, CIV-2007-404-003732, 12 Mar 2009, Wild J (extracts)
P D G Skegg, “English Medical Law and ‘Informed Consent’: An Antipodean Assessment and Alternative” (1999) 7 Medical Law Review 135-165
7. Legal Justifications for Treatment Without Consent
St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1999] Fam 26-27, 34, 43-50
Re B (Adult: Refusal of medical treatment) [2002] 2 All ER 449
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 ss 1-11, 13-15, 21-23, 27-28
Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment & Treatment) Act 1992 ss 2, Pt V & s 110A
Tuberculosis Act 1948 s 16
Health Act 1956 ss 79, 88, 90, 126, 129
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Act 1966 ss 2-3, 9, 38
Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion Act 1977 ss 4, 7, 34
In re F [1990] AC 70
R v Harris HC, Palmerston North, CRI-2006-054-1008, 21 Nov 2006, Miller J
III. THE END OF LIFE
8. Relief of Pain and Active Euthanasia
Crimes Act 1961 ss 150A-187A
9. Omissions to Prolong Life and ‘Passive Euthanasia’
Crimes Act 1961 ss 150A-187A
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789, 824-834 (Hoffman LJ in Eng CA)
Re G [1997] 2 NZLR 201
W Healthcare NHS Trust v H [2004] EWCA Civ 1324
Shortland v Northland Health Ltd [1998] 1 NZLR 433
Shortland v Northland Health Ltd M. 75/97 13-14
10. Death
P D G Skegg, “The Edges of Life” (F W Guest Memorial Lecture) (1988) 6 Otago Law Review 517
11. Use of Corpses for Medical Purposes
Human Tissue Act 2008
Coroners Act 2006 ss 31-56
LAWS 420
LAW AND THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS
PART ONE: LAW AND THE ELECTORAL PROCESS
1. Introduction
2. Law and Representative Democracy
• L. Massicotte, et al, “Establishing the Rules of the Game”, (2004) pp 3-10 CM 1
• A. Gauja, Political Parties and Elections: Legislating for Representative Democracy (Ashgate 2010), pp 6-10 CM 5
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 7-23 CM 8
3. Overview of MMP
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 24-39
• Report of the Electoral Commission on the Review of the MMP Voting System, 29 October 2012 CM 19
4. Who Participates – the right to vote.
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 24-39
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 60, 72, 74, 75, 80, 82 CM 41
• New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s. 12 CM 45
• A. Geddis, ‘Prisoner Voting and Rights Deliberation: How New Zealand’s Parliament Failed’ (2011) 3 New Zealand Law Review, pp 443-467 CM 46
5. Who Participates – candidates and political parties.
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 72-82
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 47-53, 127-128, 143-145, 146D CM 59
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 62-71B CM 64
• Electoral Commission, News Release: National Front logo registered to appear on ballot papers, 9 Feb 2006 CM 71
• A. Geddis, “Fighting the 2008 election in the courts”, (2008) NZLJ 279-282 CM 72
• C. Morris, “Political parties and natural justice”, (2008) 399-400 CM 74
6. Drawing the Electorate Boundaries
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 83-92
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 28, 35-38, 46, 269 CM 76
• Timmins v Governor-General [1984] 2 NZLR 298 CM 80
• Optional additional reading on reserve: Graham Beever “The New Game with the old rules: Boundary Determination under MMP”, 34 VUWLR 135 (2002)
7. The Māori Seats
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 93-110
• Ann Sullivan, “Māori Participation”, in Miller (ed) 5th ed, NZ Government & Policy, pp 538-547 CM 87
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 3(1) (definitions of Māori, Māori electoral district, Māori electoral population) 45, 76-79 CM 92
• Optional additional reading on reserve: A. Geddis, “A Dual Track Democracy? The Symbolic Role of the Māori Seats in New Zealand’s Electoral System”, (2006) 5(4) Election LJ 347
8. Protecting the integrity of the election process
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 113-132
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 215-228 CM 96
• Electoral Act 1993, s. 199A CM 96
• Human Rights Act 1993, s. 61(3), 131-132 CM 101
9. Funding election campaigns – general issues
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, 151-157
• A. Geddis, “Debating Election Finance Reform”, in Miller (ed) NZ Government & Policy, pp 326-338 CM 102
10. Regulating ‘third party’ election funding
• Andrew Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand (2nd edition) – DRAFT ONLY, 9.3 CM 109
• Electoral Act 1993, ss ss 3A-3E, 204A-204X, 206S-206ZH CM 115
11. Regulating the election funding of political parties and individual candidates
• Andrew Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand (2nd edition) – DRAFT ONLY, 9.4-9.5 CM 129
• Electoral Act 1993, ss 205-205S, 206-206R, 207-210F CM 142
12. Regulating election broadcasting
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 156-170
• Broadcasting Act 1989, ss. 69-76, 77-80A CM 166
• Electoral Commission, Decision of the Electoral Commission – Te Katiaki Take Kowhiri, on allocation of time and money to eligible political parties for broadcasting of election programmes for the 2011 General Election CM 173
• Alliance v Electoral Commission [2010] NZCA 4 CM 179
13. Election oversight by Administrative Agencies
• Electoral Act 1993, ss 4B-9, 20A-26, 204I CM 187
• Justice and Electoral Select Committee, Electoral (Administration) Amendment Bill 93-2, pp 1-8 CM 193
• “About the Electoral Commission”, www.elections.org.nz CM 197
14. Election oversight by the Courts
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 219-236
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 229-231; 235-244; 258-260; 262 CM 198
• Payne v Adams [2009] 3 NZLR 834 CM 203
• Boscawen v Attorney-General [2009] NZCA 12 CM 218
• Optional on reserve: J. Boston et al. “Courting Change: The Role of the Judiciary in Altering an Electoral System” (1997) 8 Public LR 229
15. Election oversight by Parliament
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 237-256
• Justice and Electoral Committee, Inquiry into the 2008 general election CM 227
PART TWO: LAW AND THE LAWMAKING PROCESS
16. Parliament: its role and its rules
• Constitution Act 1986, ss. 10-20 CM 235
• D. McGee, Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand, pp 1-6; 113-121 CM 237
17. The legislative process
• G Palmer & M Palmer, Bridled Power (4th ed), pp 181-201 CM 245
• R. Malone, “Rebalancing the Constitution”, (2008) pp 201-226 CM 256
• Optional additional reading on reserve: Jeremy Waldron: “Parliamentary Recklessness: Why we need to legislate more carefully”
18. Limits on Parliament’s lawmaking powers?
• A. Geddis, Electoral Law in New Zealand, pp 45-47
• Electoral Act 1993, s. 268 CM 269
• Standing Orders of the House of Representatives, SO 267 CM 269
• Shaw v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1999] 3 NZLR 154 CM 270
• Westco Lagan v Attorney-General [2001] 1 NZLR 40 CM 273
• New Zealand Center for Public Law, “Parliamentary Sovereignty”, in Constitutional Arrangements Committee, Inquiry to review New Zealand’s existing constitutional arrangements, Appendix F (2005) CM 285
• Optional additional reading on reserve: Hon Michael Kirby, “Deep Lying Rights – A Consitutional Conversation Continues” 3(2) NZJPIL
19. Parliament and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
• NZBORA 1990, s 7 CM 289
• Standing Orders of the House of Representatives, SO 266 CM 289
• A. Butler & P. Butler, The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act: A Commentary, pp 197-208 CM 290
• Legislation Advisory Committee, Guidelines on Process & Content of Legislation, ch. 4 CM 296
• A. Geddis, “The Comparative Irrelevance of the New Zealand Bill Of Rights Act to Legislative Practice”, (2009) 23/4 NZULR, pp 465-488 CM 305
• Attorney-General’s report on Public Safety (Public Protection Orders) Bill, 14 October 2012 CM 318
20. Parliamentary Privilege
• Legislature Act 1908, s. 242 CM 321
• D. McGee, Parliamentary Practice in New Zealand, pp 605-616 CM 322
• Buchanan v Jennings [2004] 3 WLR 1163 CM 328
• Privileges Committee, Question of privilege referred 21 July 1998 concerning Buchanan v. Jennings (I.17G) (2005) CM 335
• Attorney-General v Leigh [2011] NZSC 106 CM 340
21. Contempt of Parliament
• P. Joseph, Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand, pp 450-57 CM 345
• Standing Orders of the House of Representatives, SO 399-400 CM 349
• Privileges Committee, Question of privilege referred on 16 February on the action taken by Television New Zealand in relation to its chief executive, following evidence he gave to the Finance and Expenditure Committee (I.17A) (2006) CM 350
• A. Geddis, “Fines for Contempt in New Zealand’s House of Representatives”, [2007] Public Law 425 CM 355
22. Membership of Parliament
• Constitutional Act 1986, ss. 10, 14 CM 235
• Electoral Act 1993, ss. 54-56 CM 361
• C Morris, “On Becoming (and Remaining) a Member of Parliament”, [2004] Public Law 11 CM 363
• A Geddis, “Proportional Representation, ‘Party Hopping’ and the Limits of Electoral Regulation: A Cautionary Tale from New Zealand”, (2006) 34(4) Common Law World Review 24 CM 371
• Optional additional reading on reserve: C Geiringer, “Judging the Politicians: A Case for Judicial Determination of Disputes over the Membership of the House of Representatives”, (2005) 3 NZJPIL 131.
PART THREE : A DIRECT DEMOCRACY ALTERNATIVE
23. What is Direct Democracy?
• John Parkinson, “Decision-making by Referendum”, in Miller (ed) NZ Government and Politics pp 571-583 CM 385
• Royal Commission on the Electoral System, Towards a Better Democracy, pp 167-181 CM 392
24. The Citizens’ Initiated Referendum Act 1993
• P. Joseph, Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand, pp 185-188 CM 400
• C. Morris, “Improving Our Democracy or a Fraud on the Community? A Closer Look at New Zealand’s Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993” 25 Statute LR 116 (2004) CM 402
• Bridget Fenton & Andrew Geddis, “Citizens Initiated Referenda”, (2009) NZLJ 334-336 CM 411
CRITICAL JURISPRUDENCE
LAWS 302
1. Introductory Lecture
• Critical jurisprudence introduced
• The role of background ideas stressed as the key concept for this semester
2. Determinacy and Indeterminacy in Law Revisted
• Gerald Frug, “A Critical Theory of Law” (1989) 1 Legal Educ. Rev. 43
• Stanley Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? (1980) chs. 13, 14
• Stanley Fish, “The Law Wishes to Have a Formal Existence” in There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech (1994) 141-156
• Stanley Fish, “There is No Textualist Position” (2005) 42 San Diego L. Rev 62
3. Ideology and Politics in Law
(a) Anti-foundationalism, ideology, and critical theory
• Notes: Ideology
• Excerpt from Richard Fischl, “Some Realism About Critical Legal Studies” (1987) 41 U. Miami L. Rev. 505 at 527
• Michael Venture, “Someone is Stealing your Life”, Utne Reader, July/August 1991 at 78-80
• Excerpt from Michael Moore, Downsize This! (1996) 282-287
(b) Ideology in law: Overview
• Notes: Gordon
• Robert Gordon, “New Developments in Legal Theory” in The Politics of Law (1982) ch. 14
• William Allen, “Contracts and Communities in Corporation Law” (1993) 50 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 1395
(c) Are bills of rights ideological?
(i) Liberalism and bills of rights
• Notes: Liberalism in Context
• Notes: Classical Liberalism and Rights
• Notes: Modern Liberalism and Rights
• Bhikhu Parekh, “The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy” in Prospects for Democracy (1993) 156-175
(ii) Critical jurisprudence and bills of rights
• Notes: Critical Jurisprudence and Liberal Rights
R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (1921) chs. 2, 3
• Morton Horwitz, “Rights” (1988) 23 Harv. Civ. R/Civ. Lib L Rev. 393
• Ronald Beiner, What’s the matter with Liberalism? (1992), ch. 4
• Kathleen Mahoney, “The Limits of Liberalism”, in Canadian Perspectives on Legal Theory (1991) 57
(d) Is criminal law Ideological?
(i) Historical examples
• Notes: Hay
• Douglas Hay, “Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law”, in Albion’s Fatal Tree (1975) ch. 1
• E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters (1975) 258-269
(ii) Contemporary examples
• Edwin Sutherland, “White Collar Criminality” in White Collar Crime (3rd ed, 1995), originally published 1940, 29-38
• C. M. V. Clarkson, “Kciking Corporate Bodies and Damning Their Souls” (1996) 59 Modern L. Rev. 557
• James Gobert, “The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007” (2008) 71 Modern L Rev. 413
(e) Is property law ideological?
(i) Historical examples
• Stuart Banner, “Two Properties, One Land” (1999) 24 Law and Social Inquiry 807
• Stuart Banner, “Conquest By Contract: Wealth Transfer and Law Market Structure in Colonial New Zealand”, (2000) 34 Law & Society Review 47-96
(ii) Contemporary examples
• Michael Robertson, “Property and Ideology” (1995) 8 Canadian J of Law & Juris. 275
• Eduardo Penalver, “Property Metaphors and Kelo v New London: Two Views of the Castle” (2006) 74 Fordham L. Rev 2971
• Mark Rose, “Copyright and its Metaphors”, (2002) 50 UCLA L Rev. 1
FAMILY LAW
LAWS 311
[1] Inspirational Verses
Max Ehrmann, “Desiderata”
Calvin Coolidge, “Persistence”
Anon, “When Things Go Wrong”
Edgar Guest, “It’s Better to Have Tried”
George Eliot, “To Make This Life Worth-While”
Quotes by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nelson Mandela
[2] Origins of New Zealand Family Law
Māori Origins – Customary Marriages
Western Origins – Harold Berman, Law and Revolution, the Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1983) at 226-230
[3] Family Law in Action
J v A [1994] NZFLR 205
[4] The Family Court Process
Bruce Fisher and Robert Alberti, Rebuilding: When Your Relationship Ends (Impact Publishers, Atascadero, 2003)
A Case for the Use of Concilation
Issues for the Māori Families in the Family Court
John Eekelaar, “Possible problems with conciliation” in Family Law and Social Policy (2nd ed. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1984) at 59-63
Katherine O’Donovan, Sexual Division in Law (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1985) at 194-2????? xxxILLEGIBLExxx
[5] Disputes Over Who Children Live and Have Contact With
[5.1] Social Science Findings : Helpful or Not?
Mia Kellmer-Pringle, The Needs of Children (3rd ed, Routledge, London, 1986) at 15-31, 148-154
Joseph Goldstein, Anna Freud and Albert Solnit, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (Free Press, New York, 1979) at 9-21
Joan B Kelly, “Current Research on Children’s Post Divorce Adjustment” (1993) Family and Conciliation Courts Review 29-49
[5.2] Day-to-day Care
Whittle v Fagavao [1990] NZFLR 305
B P v D-GSW [1997] NZFLR 642
Powell v Duncan [1996] NZFLR 722
Makiri v Roxburgh (1988) 4 NZFLR 673
Makiri v Roxburgh (No. 2) [1990] NZFLR 182
L v H [2004] NZFLR 1025
[5.3] Relocation
BDD v IBG [2007] NZFLR 1
Kacem v Bashir [2010] NZSC 112, [2010] NZFLR 884
[5.4.] Children’s Views
C v S [2006] NZFLR 1
HC v PS CA 115/06, 18 October
[5.5] Alleged Sexual Abuse
De F v De F [1992] NZFLR 167
S v S [1992] NZFLR 803
S v S [1994] NZFLR 26
M v Y [1994] NZFLR 1
[5.6] Alleged Physical Abuse
De Leeuw v Edgecumbe [1996] NZFLR 803
C v P [1996] NZFLR 416
[5.7] Contact
Joseph Goldstein, Anna Freud and Albert Solnit, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (Free Press, New York, 1979) at 38
John Eeklelaar, Family Law and Social Policy (2nd ed, Weidenfeld Nicholson, London, 1984) at 230-233
P v K [2006] NZFLR 22
Pooley v Llewelyn (1985) 3 NZFLR 628
C v D [1992] NZFLR 537
RH v DKH [1996] NZFLR 924
TR v MR [Access] [2007] NZFLR 55
[5.8] Lawyer for the Child
Robert Ludbrook, “The Role of Counsel Appointed to Represent a Child”, (1979) 5 New Zealand Recent Law at 262-264
“On Party Status and the Right to Representation”, A Child’s Right to Representation, Judge Peter Boshier, Practice Note – Lawyer for Child – Code of Conduct (Family Court of New Zealand, Wellington, 2007)
[5.9] Hague Convention
A v A [1996] NZFLR 530
Secretary of Justice v HJ [2006] NZSC 97, [2007] 2 NZLR 289
[6] Who Decides? – Mother? Father? Child? Court?
Regina v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority Ex Parte Blood [1996] 3 WLR 1178
Re an unborn child (No 1) [2003] NZFLR 344
Gillick v West Norfolk AHA [1985] 3 WLR 830
In Re W [1992] 3 WLR 758
Re M (Medical Treatment: Consent) [1999] 2 FLR 1097
Re Norma [1992] NZFLR 445
MJB v D-GSW [1996[ NZFLR 337
Healthcare Otago Ltd v Williams-Holloway [1999] NZFLR 804
R v Laufau HC Auckland, T000759, 23 August 2000 at [23] to [61]
R v Laufau HC Auckland, T000759, 2 October 2000
R v Moorhead HC Auckland, T011974, 13 June 2002
J v A [2006] NZFLR 405
Re T (A Minor) [1996] EWCA Civ 805
In Re B [1988] AC 199
R X (Sterilisation) (1999) 2 NZFLR 49
[7] Who Can and Who Can’t Marry
M v M (marriage: transsexuals) (1991) 8 NZFLR 337
A-G v Family Court 30 Nov 1994
Extracts from Quilter v A-G [1998] NZFLR 196 (CA)
Dowling v Matthies and Hooper (1986) 4 NZFLR 118
“Wedding Halted: Family uses law to stop nuptials” (news clip)
[8] Leaving a Violent Relationship
Extract rom Ruka v DSW [1996] NZFLR 935
Extract from G v G [1997] NZFLR 49
A v B [1998] NZFLR 783
P v Police [2006] NZFLR 725
R v Easton [2007] NZFLR 71
A v B [2008] NZFLR 65
R v D [2000] NZFLR 488
S v S [2008] NZCA 565
[9] Money
[9.1] Relationship Maintenance
G v G [2003] NZFLR 289
T v H [2006] NZFLR 560
DCK v RK HC, Auckland, CIV 2009-404-4421, 20 November 2009
Rawlings v Rawlings [Spousal Maintenance] [2009] NZFLR 643 (excerpt)
[9.2] Establishing Paternity
Loveridge v Adlam [1991] NZFLR 267
[9.3] Child Support
Re M [1993] NZFLR 74
Lyon v Wilcox [1994] NZFLR 634
[10] Property
Benseman v Ball [2007] NZFLR 127
De Malmanche v De Malmanche [2002] NZFLR 579
Fischbach v Bonnar [2002] NZFLR 705
X v X [2009] NZFLR 985
Rose v Rose [2009] NZFLR 814 (excerpts)
[11] Child Abuse
[11.1] Children in Need of Care, Protection or Control
Keri Hulme, The Bone People, excerpts
“Nowhere to Run” – Craig Manakau, The Listener 15/01/94 p16
Re ITA [1997] NZFLR 385
“Report into the death James Whakaruru – Executive Summary”, Children, Newsletter from the Office of the Commissioner for Children, July 2000, no 34
“Report of the Investigation into the Deaths of Saliel and Olympia Aplin”, Office of the Commissioner for Children, November 2003
Laumalili v S [1994] NZFLR 413
[11.2] Substitute care
Mia Kellmer-Pringle, The Needs of Children (3rd ed, Routledge, London, 1986)
[12] Adoption
Application by C [1990] NZFLR 280
B v G [2002] NZFLR 961
Application by ZF to Adopt SA [2006] NZFLR 337
Application by T [2008] NZFLR 185
Re AMM [2010] NZFLR 629
[13] Surrrogacy
Re P (adoption: surrogacy) [1990] NZFLR 385
PROPERTY LAW
LAWS203
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Initial commentary
Sarah Worthington Equity (Oxford University press, 2003) pp 47-51
Note: how is the law of property organized?
PART II: MY RIGHTS AS AN OWNER
A: MY RIGHTS AS AN OWNER OF GOODS
1. To assert ownership against others
(a) Introduction
Sarah Worthington Equity (Oxford University press, 2003) pp 53-54
(b) Redress for infringement of property rights in goods
(i) Overview
Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (19th ed 2006) para 17-01 – 17 -03
Lawson and Rudden The law of Property 2nd ed (1982), pp41-44 (edited)
(ii) Trespass to goods
(iii) Conversion
Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Corporation [2002] UKHL 19 (edited)
Hollins v Fowler (1875) LR 7 HL 757
(iv) Detinue and the ability to recover the chattel
High Court Rules, R 550 in McGechan on Procedure
Nash v Barnes [1922] NZLR 303 (edited)
(v) Self Help : Recaption
Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (19th ed 2006) para 31-12
Slater v Attorney General; unreported; High Court; 30 March 2006
2. To lend my goods to another (bailment)
(a) Overview
(b) The bailee’s duty of care
-Conway v Cockram Motors [1986] 1 NZLR 381
-Skyway Service Station v McDonald [1986] 1 NZLR 366
(c) The range of bailment
Palmer, Bailment (2nd ed 1991) 1-7
Southland Hospital Board v Perkins Estate [1986] 1 NZLR 373
(d)Sub-bailment
The Pioneer Container [1994] 2 All ER 250 (PC)
(e) Remedies against third parties
Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (19th ed 2006) para 17-138 – 17-139
HSBC Rail (UK) Ltd v Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd [2005] EWHC 403
(f) Summary
East West Corporation v DKBS 1912 A/S BV [2003] EWCA Civ 83 (Court of Appeal, England)
(g) Application of Personal Properties Securities Act 1999
3. To give my goods away
(a) Overview
Williams v Williams [1956] NZLR 970
Rowland v Stevenson [2005] NSWSC 325
4. To sell my goods to another
(i) Introduction
(ii) The passing of property on a sale of goods
Sale of Goods Act 1908, ss 3, 18, 19, 20 and 30
Isaac v Unpaid Farmers in Weddel Receivership CA 213/96; 24 February 1997
Vehicle Offer and Sale Agreement
(iii)What title the buyer gets
Sale of Goods Act 1908, ss 23, 14 and 27
Mitchell v Jones (1905) 24 NZLR 932
Mercantile Law Act 1908, ss 3 and 2
Ron McDonald Ltd v Jim Boyd Motors Ltd unreported Auckland Registry, AP125-SW00, 9 February 2001, Priestly J
(iv)Risk of damage or destruction of goods in the course of being sold
Sale of Goods Act 1908, ss 22, 8 and 9
Oldfield Asphalts v Grovedale Coolstores (1994) Ltd [1998] 3 NZLR 479 (Gallen J)
5. To use my goods as security
7. Establishing a trust: a more complicated form of giving
(a) The concept of the trust
(i) Introduction
Fratcher, Scott on Trusts (4th ed) Vol 1, 1-9
(ii) The nature of a trust
Fratcher, Scott on Trusts (4th ed) Vol 1, 40-51
Property Law Act 2007, s 25
(b) Examples
(i) Express trusts
Paul v Constance [1977] 1 WLR 527 (CA)
Model trust deed
(ii) Constructive Trusts
Gillies v Keogh [1989] 2 NZLR 327
(c) Duties of express trustees
(i)Duties of obedience to the trust instrument
(ii) Duties of prudent management
Trustee Act 1956, ss 2(4), 13 A-F, M and Q, as amended
(iii) Fiduciary duties: the duty not to profit from the trust
Trustee Act 1956, s 72
Patchett v Williams HC 2005-406-82, 5 October 2005
Thomson v Allen [1930] 1 Ch 203
Phipps v Boardman [1967] 2 AC 46 (extract)
(d) Remedies for breach of trust
(a) Overview
(b) Terminating the trust
(c) Seeking compensation from the trustee
Chirnside v Fay [2006] NZSC 68
Trustee Act 1956, s 73
Wong v Burt CA 100/03, 4 August 2004
(d) Proprietary remedies against the trustee
Shalston v Mimran (England, ChD 11 July 2003) Rimer J
FW Maitland, Equity (1947) 216-218
In Re Hallett’s Estate (1880) 13 Ch D 606 (CA) (extract)
Foskett v McKeown [2000] 2 WLR 1299, 1326-1327 (HL) (extract)
(a)The problem of bank accounts
In Re Hallett’s Estate: Knatchbull v Hallett (1880) 13 Ch D 696 (CA) (extract)
James Roscoe (Bolton) Ltd v Winder [1915] 1 Ch 62
In Re Oatway: Hertslet v Oatway [1903] 2 Ch 356
(b) Complex mixed claims
Sinclair v Brougham [1914] AC 398 (extract)
Re International Investment Unit Trust [2005] 1 NZLR 270
Barlow Clowes International (in liquidation) v Vaughan [1992] 4 all ER 22 (extract)
(e) Proprietary liability of third parties
FW Maitland, Equity (1947) 216-218
(f) Personal liability of third parties
B: MY RIGHTS AS OWNER OF LAND
1. Overview
Examples of Certificates of Title
2. To assert my ownership against others
(a) Trespass
45(2) Halsbury’s Laws of England (4th ed reissue 1999) Torts para 505
Laws of New Zealand (1994) Torts para 194
Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (19th ed 2006) paras 19-10 to 19-16
Lockwood Buildings Limited v Trust Bank Canterbury [1995] 1 NZLR 22 (CA)
(b) Self-Help
Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (supra) paras 31-05, 31-11
(c) Recovery of land
Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (supra) paras 19-70, 19-71, 19-25
3. To sell my land to another
Property Law Act 2007, s 25
(a) General rights and obligations under an agreement for the sale of land
E-dealing
Agreement for sale and purchase of real estate
Certificate of Title
Memorandum of Transfer
Authority and Instruction Form
(b) Risk of damage to property
Blanchard, A Handbook on Agreements for Sale and Purchase of Land (4th ed 1988) 609
Cheshire & Burn’s Modern Law of Real Property (16th ed, 2000, by E H Burn) 140
Clarke v Ramuz (1891) 2 QB 456 (extract)
Phillips v Silvester (1872) LR 8 Ch App 173
Insurance Law Reform Act 1985 (as amended by the Property Law Act 2007), ss 13 and 14
(c) Risk of damage by third parties
Cousins v Wilson [1994] 1 NZLR 463
Diagram : Damage to Property
(d) Risk of resale by the seller
Land Transfer Act 1952, ss 141 & 137
Bevin v Smith [1993] 3 NZLR 648 (CA), 660-666
4. To give my land away
Pennington v Waine [2002] 1 WLR 2075
5. To lend my land to another
(a) Introduction to Leases
Hinde, McMorland and Sim Butterworths Land Law in New Zealand (1997) 1,026-1031
Diagram: Categories of Property
(b) Evolution of leasehold estates
(i) A dual relationship: Privity of contract and privity of estate
Hinde, McMorland and Sim Butterworths Land Law in New Zealand (1997), 5,001, 5004-5005
(ii) Subleases and assignments
Property Law Act 2007, s 215, 239-242
(c) The relation of landlord and tenant
Hinde, McMorland and Sim Butterworths Land Law in New Zealand (1997), 5002
(d) Residential Tenancies
(i) Background to the Residential Tenancies Act 1986
F H Lawson and B Rudden The Law of Property (3rd ed, 2002) pp 124 -125
(ii) Residential Tenancies Act 1986
Residential Tenancies Act 1986 s 11
(iii) When does the Residential Tenancies Act apply?
Residential Tenancies Act 1986 ss 4, 5
(e) Creation of leases and residential tenancies
(i) Commercial leases
Land Transfer Act 1952 s115
Property Law Act 2007 s 209
Property Law Act 2007 s 25
(ii) Residential Tenancies
Residential Tenancies Act 1986 s 13, 13A-C
(f) Rights and obligations of landlords and tenants
(i) Commercial leases
Property Law Act 2007, ss 217-220
Example of an Agreement to Lease
Example of a Deed to Lease
Property Law Act 2007, Schedule 3
(ii) Residential Tenancies
Residential Tenancy Agreement Form
Residential Tenancies Act 1986 ss 142, 18-19, 22-25, 37, 38, 40-42, 44, 45, 48-49
(g) Duty of repair
Westpac Merchant Finance v Winstone Industries [1993] 2 NZLR 247
Property Law Act 2007, s 13, 14, 223
(h) Cancellation and relief from cancellation
Property Law Act 2007, ss 243-246, 253, 255-256
Sibrad Company Ltd v Kanters and Edwards HC Hamilton, CIV-2008-419-000440, 8/5/08/ Asher J
Residential Tenancies Act 1986 ss 55, 56
6. To use my land as security: Mortgages of land
Introduction
(a) The nature of a mortgage
Land Transfer Act 1952, ss 2 and 100
E S & A Bank v Phillips (1937) 57 CLR 302 at 321
Re Forrest; Trustees Executors & Agency Co Ltd v Anson [1953] VLR
Example of a Standard form Mortgage
Example of a Loan Agreement
(b) Mortgage obligations
Property Law Act 2007, ss 95, 97-100, 118, Schedule 2 Part 1
(c) Protecting the mortgagor
(i) Disclosure requirements
(ii) Equity of redemption
Property Law Act 2007 ss 97-100
(iii) Re-opening the credit contract on ground of oppression
Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003, ss 117-124, 127-130
Cambridge Clothing Co Ltd v Simpson [1988] 2 NZLR 340 (HC)
Anderson v Burbery Finance Ltd [1986] 2 NZLR 20 (HC)
(iv) Clogging the equity of redemption
Jones v Morgan [2001] EWCA Civ 995
(d) The mortgagee’s remedies
Property Law Act 2007 ss 137, 185
(e) Mortgagee’s duties in exercising the power of sale
Property Law Act 2007 s 176
Apple Fields Ltd v Damesh Holdings Ltd [2002] 2 NZLR 586 (CA)
Property Law Act 2007 ss 119-122
7. Give specific rights to others: Easements and covenants relating to land
F H Lawson & B Rudden The Law of Property (2ed, 1982) 127-128
(a) Easements
(i) Introduction
F H Lawson & B Rudden The Law Of Property (3ed, 2002), 154
Problem
(ii) Notes on how an easement is created
Land Transfer Act 1952, 2 90, 64
Proper Law Act 2007, s 296
Certificate of Title
(iii) Characteristics of an easement
Re Ellenborough Park [1955] 3 All ER 667
Property Law Act 2007, s 291
(b) Covenants
(i) Introduction to Covenants
Property Law Act 2007, s 4
Hinde, McMorland and Sim, Land Law in New Zealand (2008) 17.003-17.004, 17.006-17.006
(ii) Restrictive Covenants
Law Reform (Testamentary Promises) Act, section 3
Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, s106
(iii) Family Protection Claims
Stephens, Family Protection in New Zealand (2ed, 1957) preface
Family Protection Act 1955, section 3 & 4
Williams v Aucutt [2000] NZFLR 532 (CA)
EM v SL [2005] NZFLR 281]
Re Hilton [1997] 2 NZLR 734
4. Claims by the estate
Property (Relationships) Act 1976, s88(2)
PART D: MY RIGHTS AS AN OWNER OF MĀORI LAND
1. INTRODUCTION
(a) Origins of Māori Land
E. T. Durie, Will the Settlers Settle? Cultural Conciliation and Law (1996) 8 O.L.R 449 (extract only)
The Native Lands Act 1862 preamble
The Native Lands Act 1865 preamble
Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993, Land status: ss 129(1) and (2), 4 ‘Māori Land’
Ngati Apa v Attorney-General [2003] 3 NZLR 643 (CA) (extract)
(b) Characteristics of Māori land
(i) Special Legislation
Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993, preamble, s 2
(ii) Maori Land Court
Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993, ss 6, 17, 18
2. To alienate Māori land to another
Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993, ss 145-146, 4, 147, 147A, 148(1), s 4 ‘preferred class of alienees’, 150C, 156(1)
3. To dispose of Māori land on death
In re Tukua and Maketu C2b Block 10 March 2000, 116 Otorohang MB 81, Carter J (MLC)
4. To change the status of Māori land to general land
Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993, ss 130, 132-133, 135-136
Epiha William Hills 2 February 2005, MB 110 SI 85, Wainwright J, (ML)
PART E : THE OPERATION OF REGISTRATION SCHEMES ON MY RIGHTS
1. The origins of Aotearoa New Zealand’s land registration scheme
The Torrens System
2. The modern scheme: E-dealing
Common legal terms explained
3. The core of the Land Transfer Act 1952
ss 35, 41, 75
Removal of duplicate title
Ss 62, 63, 182-183, 172, 178
Dollars & Sense Finance Ltd v Nathan [2008] NZSC 20
Waller v Davies [2007] NZCA 51
4. Indefeasibility of Title
(a) Whose title is indefeasible?
Jenni McManus, “What is a title WORTH?”, The Independent, 12 August 1998
Hinde, McMorland and Sim, Land Law in New Zealand
Frazer v Walker [1967] 1 AC 569 (PC)
Jenni McManus, “Gang involved in Land Transfer Office scam”, The Independent, 9 September 1998
Gibbs v Messer [1891] AC 248 (PC)
Regal Casting Ltd v Lightbody [2009] 2 NZLR 433
(b) What does indefeasibility get the registered proprietor
Land Transfer Act, s97
Corunna Bay Holdings Ltd v Robert Gracie Dean Ltd [2002] 2 NZLR 186 (CA)
Congregational Christian Church Board of Samoa Henderson Trust Board v Broadlands Finance [1984] 2 NZLR 704 (HC)
Duncan v McDonald [1997] 3 NZLR 669, 680-683 (CA)
(c) The limits of indefeasibility: the so-called ‘in personam exception’
Congregational Christian Church Board of Samoa Henderson Trust Board v Broadlands Finance [1984] 2 NZLR 704 (HC)
Smith v Hugh Watt Society [2004] 1 NZLR 537 (HC)
Duncan v McDonald [1997] 3 NZLR 669, 683-685 (CA)
CN and NA Davies Ltd v Laughton [1997] 3 NZLR 705 (CA)
(d) Statutory exceptions to indefeasibility: fraud
Land Transfer Act 1952, s182
Assets Company v Mere Roihi [1905] AC 176, 210-211
Waimiha Sawmilling Co v Waione Timber Co [1923] NZLR 1137, 1174-75 (CA)
Efstratiou, H Glantschnig & Petrovic v C Glantschnig [1972] NZLR 594 (CA)
Harris v Fitzmaurice [1956] NZLR 975 (SC)
Blunt v Hallinan [1985] 1 NZLR 450 (CA)
Sutton v O’Kane [1973] 2 NZLR 304 (CA)
5. Resolving Conflict between Maori Land Court Records and LTA Records
Land Transfer Act 1952, s 81
Maori Affairs Act 1953, s 233
Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993, ss 123(5), 126
Warin v Registrar-General of Land HC, Whangarei, CIV-2006-488-000245, Oct 31, 2008 Allan J
6. Unregistered Interests
(a) Validity
Land Transfer Act 1952, ss 41, 137
(b) Caveats
(i) What does a caveat against dealings do?
Land Transfer Act 1952, ss 141, 147, 147A
(ii) What must be done to lodge a caveat?
Land Transfer Regulations 2002 Form 18
PART F : SECURITY INTERESTS IN CHATTELS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. The uses and old forms of chattel securities
(a) Domestic credit: short-term loans for the poor
(b) Buying goods on credit
(c) Using goods as a specific security
(d) Commercial credit: general securities
3. The old way and the modern way
(a) The idea of a generic ‘security interest’
PPSA s 17, s 16, s 23
Walsh, C. ‘An Introduction to the New Brunswick Personal Property Security Act’, p28-32 (edited)
(b) The PPSA as a code
PPSA s 24, s 45
(c) ‘Security interests’ in this Property Law paper
4. Getting a security interest: attachment
PPSA s 40
(a) Step 1: attachment in relation to the debtor
PPSA s 43, s 16, s 44
(b) Step 2: attachment in relation to third parties
PPSA s 16
PPSA s 36, s 37
(c) Interface with the general law, number 1
King Robb Ltd (in liquidation) Sleepyhead Manufacturing Ltd v Dunphy and Shephard, (2006) 9 NZCLC 264,000
(d) Interface with the general law, number 2
New Zealand Bloodstock v Waller and Agnew [2006] 3 NZLR 629 (CA)
Graham and Gibson v Portacom NZ Ltd [2004] 2 NZLR 528
5. Registration: attaining perfection
(a) What is to be registered?
PPSA s 135
Personal Property Securities Regulations 2001, Schedule 1
Royal Bank of Canada v Agricultural Credit Corporation of Saskatchewan (1994) 115 D.L.R (4th) 569, 578-81; Saskatchewan Court of Appeal
(b) Getting it wrong
PPSA s 149, s 150, s 151
Service Foods Manawatu Limited (in receivership and liquidation) v NZ Associated Refrigerated Food Distributors Limited; (2006) 9 NZCLC 263,979
(c) Consequences of getting it wrong (or of not registering a financing statement at at all)
PPSA s 41, s 52
(d) Getting it right: what is the effect of valid registration of a financing statement?
Gray v Royal Bank Canada (1997) 143 DLR (4th) 179; SC British Columbia
6. Protection for buyers (and ‘lessees’)
PPSA s 45
(a) Exception 1: Sales of consumer goods
PPSA s 54
PPS s 16, s 19, s 20
(b) Exception 2: sales & leases in the ordinary course of business
PPSA S 53, S 45
Spittlehouse v Northshore Marine Inc (1994) 14 DLR (4th) 500; Ontario CA
Orix New Zealand Ltd v Milne; [2007] 3 NZLR 637
Estevan Credit Union v Dyer (1997) 146 DLR (4th) 490; Queen’s Bench of Saskatchewan
(c) Sales of cars and aircraft incorrectly (but validly) registered
PPS Regulations 2001, 16 Search relating to serial-numbered goods
7. Claiming proceeds of sale
(a) The basic rule
PPSA s 45
(b) Money in mixed bank accounts
Walsh, C. ‘An Introduction to the New Brunswick Personal Property Security Act’, p137-138
(c) Assets bought out of mixed bank accounts
Walsh, C. ‘An Introduction to the New Brunswick Personal Property Security Act’, p138
Agricultural Credit Corporation of Saskatchewan v Pettyjohn [1991] 3 WWR 689
Statutory Material
I PPSA sections collated from the course material
II PPSRegs collated from course material